http://www.ccnainfo.net Download Cisco CCNA 640-802 certification exam Resource for free Wed, 03 Mar 2010 03:00:39 +0000 http://backend.userland.com/rss092 en CCNP Frequently Asked Questions Cisco Revises its CCNP® Certification:Cisco has updated its Cisco CCNP® certification for network engineers through a comprehensive process involving customers and partners from around the globe. The revision focuses on the competencies that are needed to plan, implement, verify and troubleshoot routed and switched networks ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna-ccnp-ccie-ccda-ccdp-ccde/ccnp-ccsp/3498/ccnp-frequently-asked-questions CCIP Syllabus CCIP® Certification Cisco Certified Internetwork Professional (CCIP®) validates advanced knowledge and skills required to manage service provider infrastructures. With a CCIP certification, a network professional working in a service provider organization demonstrates competencies in infrastructure IP networking solutions. The CCIP curriculum includes IP routing, IP QoS, BGP, ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna-ccnp-ccie-ccda-ccdp-ccde/ccnp-ccsp/3497/ccip-syllabus CCDP Syllabus CCDP® Certification:The CCDP certification indicates advanced knowledge of intelligent network design concepts and principles.A CCDP credentialed network professional can discuss, design, and create advanced addressing and routing, security, network management, data center, and IP multicast complex multi-layered enterprise architectures that include virtual private networking and wireless domains. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna-ccnp-ccie-ccda-ccdp-ccde/ccnp-ccsp/3496/ccdp-syllabus New CCNP Syllabus Important information regarding CCNP courses and exams: Cisco has redesigned its CCNP courses and exams to reflect the evolving job tasks of enterprise network engineers. As a result, the BSCI, BCMSN, ISCW and ONT courses and exams will be retired and replaced with new CCNP courses ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna-ccnp-ccie-ccda-ccdp-ccde/ccnp-ccsp/3495/new-ccnp-syllabus 642-832 TSHOOT Exam Topics Exam Description Troubleshooting and Maintaining Cisco IP Switched Networks (TSHOOT 642-832) is a qualifying exam for the Cisco Certified Network Professional CCNP®, certification. The TSHOOT 642-832 exam will certify that the successful candidate has important knowledge and skills necessary to (1) plan and perform regular ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna-ccnp-ccie-ccda-ccdp-ccde/ccnp-ccsp/3493/642-832-tshoot-exam-topics 642-813 SWITCH Exam Topics Exam Description Implementing Cisco IP Switched Networks (SWITCH 642-813) is a qualifying exam for the Cisco Certified Network Professional CCNP®, and Cisco Certified Design Professional CCDP® certifications. The SWITCH 642-813 exam will certify that the successful candidate has important knowledge and skills necessary to to ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna-ccnp-ccie-ccda-ccdp-ccde/ccnp-ccsp/3492/642-813-switch-exam-topics 642-902 ROUTE Exam Topics Implementing Cisco IP Routing Exam Description The Implementing Cisco IP Routing (ROUTE 642-902) is a qualifying exam for the Cisco Certified Network Professional CCNP®, Cisco Certified Internetwork Professional CCIP®, and Cisco Certified Design Professional CCDP® certifications. The ROUTE 642-902 exam will certify that the successful ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna-ccnp-ccie-ccda-ccdp-ccde/ccnp-ccsp/3491/642-902-route-exam-topics 121.What is the objective of setting the VTP mode to transparent ? A.Transparent mode will only forward messages and advertisements, not add them to their own database. B.Transparent mode makes a switch dynamically secure. C.Transparent mode will forward messages and advertisements and add them to their own database. D.Transparent ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/3490/642-892-part-4 61.When the passive-interface command is used on a router, which two routing protocols will go on to receive routing updates on an interface configured as passive? (Choose two.) A.EIGRP B.RIP C.RIPv2 D.OSPF Correct:B C 62.In the hardware address 0000.0c07.ac0a what does 07.ac stand for? A.HSRP group number B.HSRP router ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/3489/642-892-part-3 31.Which three descriptions are correct concerning the diagram below? (Choose three.) A.A trunk link will be formed. B.Only VLANs 1-1001 will travel across the trunk link. C.The native VLAN for -B is vlan 1. D.DTP packets are sent from -B. Correct:A C D 32.Which two statements best describe IBGP ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/3488/642-892-part-2 1.6to4 tunneling uses a simple mechanism to create automatic tunnels. Which two statements accurately describe 6to4 tunneling? (Choose two.) A.2002::/48 is the address range specifically assigned to 6to4. B.Each 6to4 site receives a /48 prefix in a 6to4 tunnel. C.Prepending a reserved IPv6 code to the hexadecimal representation of ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/3487/642-892-part-1 Cisco Catalyst Switches Scalable, intelligent LAN switching for Campus, Branch,and Data Center networks of all sizes.This is your guide to Cisco® Catalyst® switches, the industry's most advanced and versatile portfolio of modular and fixed-configuration LAN switches. free download Cisco Catalyst Switch Guide 2009: http://www.ziddu.com/download/8327219/CiscoCatalystSwitchGuide2009.pdf.html Cisco Router Guide For Medium-sized ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/3484/cisco_router-catalyst-switch-guide-2009 1.Firewall isolate two or more physical network of a system (or a combination of many systems); Firewall with centralized management, implementation, monitoring the characteristics of security policy; general firewall can be open (unTrust, Internet), risk (DMZ, WAN) the domain with the private, trusted (Trust, LAN) domain segregated; be regarded ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/3479/new-640-802-emerging-drag-and-drop-questions bandwith efficient moreflexible cost delay load advantage disadvantages point-to point line circuit exchange ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/3476/640-802-emerging-drag-and-drop-a-question The safer , easier way to help you pass exam : 640-802! free download link: http://www.ziddu.com/download/8020841/640-802V19.02.pdf.html http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/3474/free-download-640-802-bible Ccie Voice Lab Blueprint, Please read Basic Campus Design DHCP, TFTP Catalyst voice and data VLAN configuration Catalyst VTP configuration Call Manager and Call Manager Express Configuration Phone registration Phone configuration Voice Gateway and Signaling Analog and digital voice protocols: analog FXS, FXO-M1, T1, E1, PRI, CAS, R2 VoIP ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-voice/3472/ccie-voice-lab-blueprint-please-read Ccie Service Provider Lab Blueprint, Please read Bridging and Switching VTP, VLAN, Trunk, Spanning tree Frame Relay, DLCI, FR multilink ATM PVC, SVC, FR/ATM interworking PPPoE IGP Routing IS-IS, Level 1/2, Metric OSPF, LSA, Area Redistribution, Summarization, Filtering Policy routing EGP Routing IBGP, EBGP BGP attributes Confederation, Route reflector ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-sp/3471/ccie-service-provider-lab-blueprint-please-read Ccie Security Lab Blueprint, Please read Firewall PIX and ASA Firewall Basic Initialization Access Management Address Translation ACLs IP Routing Object Groups VLANs AAA VPNs Filtering Failover Layer 2 Transparent Firewall Security Contexts (Virtual Firewall) Modular Policy Framework Application-Aware Inspection High Availability Scenarios QoS Policies Other Advanced Features IOS ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-security/3470/ccie-security-lab-blueprint-please-read Ccie Rs Lab Blueprint, Please read Bridging and Switching Frame relay Catalyst configuration: VLANs, VTP, STP, trunk, management, features, advanced configuration, Layer 3 IP IGP Routing OSPF EIGRP RIPv2 IPv6: Addressing, RIPng, OSPFv3 GRE ODR Filtering, redistribution, summarization and other advanced features BGP IBGP EBGP Filtering, redistribution, summarization, synchronization, ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-rs/3469/ccie-rs-lab-blueprint-please-read 1. Into which two types of areas would an area border router (ABR) inject a default route?(Choose two.)Select 2 response(s). A. the autonomous system of a different interior gateway protocol (IGP) B. area 0 C. totally stubby D. NSSA E. stub F. the autonomous system of an exterior gateway ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/pass4sure/3467/free-download-cisco-350-001 1.Within the prepare phase, which two tasks are required to begin the prepare for business requirements workshop activity? (Choose two.) A. Document User-Level Functionality Requirements B. Document Vertical Business Initiatives Requirements C. Identify key stakeholders for the Business Requirements Development Workshop D. Conduct a Solution Value Assessment E. Send ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/3466/free-download-cisco-646-227 1. Which definition best describes the staff training service component within the implement phase? Select exactly 1 answer(s) from the following: A. improving the network management system and the performance and functionality of infrastructure operations B. providing a step-by-step plan that details the installation and service-commission tasks required in ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/3465/free-download-cisco-650-393 1.Which definition best describes the implementation service component within the implement phase? A. providing a step-by-step plan that details the installation and service-commission tasks required in order to create a controlled-implementation environment that emulates a customer network B. assessing the ability of site facilities to accommodate proposed infrastructure changes ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/pass4sure/3464/cisco-642-373 1. Which of the following routing protocols support IPv6? A. RIPv2 B. EIGRP C. OSPFv3 D. ODR 2. How is a default route represented in IPv6? A. 0/0 B. 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0/0 C. ::/0 D. 0::0/0 3. Which of the following is supported by OSPFv3 but not by OSPFv2? A. multiple ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3461/ccnp-bsci-%e2%80%93chapter-21-ipv6-routing-protocols-configuration-and-transitioning-from-ipv4 1. How long is an IPv6 address? A. 16 hexadecimal numbers B. 32 decimal numbers C. 128 bits D. 32 bits 2. For which field in the IPv4 header is there not a similar field in the IPv6 header? A. Version B. ToS C. TTL D. Checksum 3. How ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3460/ccnp-bsci-%e2%80%93chapter-20-introduction-to-ipv6-and-ipv6-addressing 1. What common engineering problem must be solved by all multicast implementations? A. Identifying multicast servers B. Preventing multicast storms C. Preventing multicast loops D. Multicast TTL 2. Which of the following multicast routing protocols is fully supported on Cisco routers? A. Center-Based Trees B. Core-Based Trees C. DVMRP ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3459/ccnp-bsci-%e2%80%93chapter-19-configuring-multicast 1. Layer 2 switches build a MAC table by observing which of the following? A. Source address and port B. Destination address and port C. Source VLAN D. Broadcast address and VLAN 2. IGMP stands for which of the following? A. Internal Group Multicast Protocol B. IP Group Management ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3457/ccnp-bsci-%e2%80%93chapter-18-igmp 1. Which of the following describes a difference between broadcasts and multicasts? A. Multicasts are one-to-many B. Multicasts are unidirectional C. Multicasts are routable D. Multicasts are used by RIPv1 2. Multicasting is efficient in terms of processor resources for which of the following reasons? A. Multicasts can be ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3456/ccnp-bsci-%e2%80%93chapter-17-what-is-multicasting 1. Well-known mandatory attributes are described as which of the following? A. Must be included in updates B. Must be supported C. Stripped if not recognized D. Marked partial if not recognized 2. Optional nontransitive attributes are described as which of the following? A. Must be included in updates ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3455/ccnp-bsci-%e2%80%93chapter-16-controlling-bgp-route-selection 1. What is the purpose of the network command? A. To advertise the stated network B. To identify the interfaces to run BGP C. To forward stated networks D. To create neighbors within these networks 2. What is the purpose of the neighbor command? A. Forces the path to ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3454/ccnp-bsci-%e2%80%93chapter-15-bgp-neighbors-2 1. Which of the following are key features of BGP? A. Periodic keepalives B. Periodic updates C. Poison reverse D. Triggered updates 2. Which of the following best describes the routers that utilize eBGP to communicate with each other? A. Routers within an autonomous system B. Routers in different ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3452/ccnp-bsci-%e2%80%93chapter-14-bgp-concepts 1. List the following actions in order: A -Acknowledgement, B-Discover, COffer, and D-Request. A. ABCD B. BADC C. CABD D. BCDA 2. DHCP is a descendant of what protocol? A. BootP B. RARP C. GARP D. SDLC 3. Which of the following are roles a device can assume in ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3451/ccnp-bsci-%e2%80%93chapter-13-dynamic-host-control-protocol 1. How are route maps more sophisticated than access lists? A. Access lists can change the destination address of the outbound data packet. B. Route maps take less CPU because of streamlined processing. C. Access lists either exclude or include, whereas route maps can change characteristics of the path. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3450/ccnp-bsci-%e2%80%93chapter-12-controlling-redistribution-with-route-maps 1. Which of the following are reasons to run multiple routing protocols? A. Applications requiring UNIX B. Smaller routing domains speed up convergence C. Transitioning from one routing protocol to another D. Smaller routing domains ensure a more stable network 2. EIGRP automatically redistributes into which routing protocols? A. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3449/ccnp-bsci-%e2%80%93chapter-11-implementing-redistribution-and-controlling-routing-updates 1. Which of the following is the correct command to start the Integrated IS-IS routing process? A. ip router isis B. router isis C. routing ip isis D. router clns 2. Where is the Integrated IS-IS routing process started? A. At the exec level B. At the interface level ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3448/ccnp-bsci-%e2%80%93chapter-10-configuring-integrated-is-is 1. Which of the following packets are used by IS-IS? A. Hellos B. LSPs C. TVLs D. SNPs 2. Which of the following are valid hello packet types for IS-IS? A. Hello Level 1 LAN B. Hello Level 2 LAN C. Hello Level 1-2 LAN D. Hello Point-to-Point 3. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3447/ccnp-bsci-%e2%80%93chapter9-fundamentals-of-the-integrated-is-is 1. Which of the following are not OSPF area types? A. Special B. Stub C. Not-so-Stubby (NSSA) D. Sorta-Stubby (SSA) E. Totally Stubby 2. Which of the following are advantages of stub areas over standard areas? A. Stubby areas use less memory B. Stubby areas utilize the processor less ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3446/ccnp-bsci-%e2%80%93chapter8-ospf-advanced-topics 1. What is the command to view CPU utilization? A. show memory free B. show cpu utilization C. show processes cpu sorted D. show processor 2. What is an internal router? A. An OSPF process running on a multilayer switch. B. The internal router is responsible for managing multiple ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3445/ccnp-bsci-%e2%80%93chapter7-using-ospf-across-multiple-areas 1. Which of the following is not an OSPF network type? A. Broadcast multiaccess B. Point-to-point nonbroadcast C. Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast D. NBMA 2. What OSPF network type is a workaround used to account for the lack of multicast and broadcast support inherent in the default behavior of Cisco router ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3444/ccnp-bsci-%e2%80%93chapter6-ospf-network-topologies 1. What is a neighbor on a local LAN segment in OSPF? A. A neighbor is a router in the same area. B. A neighbor is a router in the same classful network. C. A neighbor is a router on a multi-access link, with an adjacency with a DR. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3441/ccnp-bsci-%e2%80%93chapter5-understanding-simple-single-area-ospf 1. What command starts the EIGRP routing process? A. router eigrp B. router eigrp autonomous-system-number C. ip routing eigrp D. ip eigrp routing 2. What happens if no network command is configured? A. The EIGRP process is not activated on any interface. B. The EIGRP defaults to all interfaces. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3440/ccnp-bsci-%e2%80%93chapter4-scalable-eigrp 1. Which of the following describes how a reply to an EIGRP query is sent? A. Multicast B. Best effort unicast C. A reliable unicast D. A reliable multicast 2. Which of the following are advantages to using EIGRP as a routing protocol instead of RIP? A. Rapid convergence ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3439/ccnp-bsci-%e2%80%93chapter3-eigrp-principles 1. What is the binary for 172? A. 1 111 10 B. 1010 1100 C. 1100 0000 D. 1011 1111 2. What is the binary for 128? A. 1 10 1000 B. 1010 1010 C. 1000 0000 D. 1011 1111 3. What is the decimal for 1100 0000? A. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3438/ccnp-bsci-%e2%80%93chapter-2-ip-address 1. How many links are required to form a full mesh of eight devices? A. 7 B. 28 C. 80 D. Not possible 2. What does a "scalable" design indicate? A. The design can be "unfolded" to fit various sizes. B. The design grows without causing the endpoint costs ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3437/ccnp-bsci-chapter-1-network-design Instead of requiring campuses to invest in a completely new technology to gain increased bandwidth, the networking industry developed a higher-speed Ethernet based on existing Ethernet standards. Fast Ethernet operates at 100 Mbps and is defined in the IEEE 802.3u standard. The Ethernet cabling schemes, CSMA/CD operation, and all ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3433/fast-ethernet-2 Ethernet is a LAN technology based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.3 standard. Ethernet (in contrast to Fast Ethernet and later versions) offers a bandwidth of 10 Mbps between end users. In its most basic form, Ethernet is a shared medium that becomes both a ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3432/ethernet-10-mbps Layer 3 Switching Devices involved in Layer 3 switching perform the following functions: ■ Packets are forwarded at Layer 3, just as a router would do. ■ Packets are switched using specialized hardware, ASIC, for high speed and low latency. ■ Packets can be forwarded with security control and ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3431/layer-3layer-4-multilayer-switching Devices involved in Layer 3 routing perform the following functions: ■ Packets are forwarded between networks based on Layer 3 addresses. ■ An optimal path is determined for a packet to take through a network to the next router. ■ Packet forwarding involves a table lookup of the destination ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3430/layer-3-routing Devices that forward frames at Layer 2 involve the following functions: ■ MAC addresses are learned from the incoming frames' source addresses. ■ A table of MAC addresses and their associated bridge and switch ports is built and maintained. ■ Broadcast and multicast frames are flooded out to all ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3429/layer-2-switching 1. Which of the following terms represents a Cisco wireless access point that cannot operate independently? A. Autonomous AP B. Roaming AP C. Lightweight AP D. Dependent AP 2. Suppose that an autonomous AP is used to support wireless clients. Which one of the following answers lists the devices ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3428/ccnp-bcmsn-chapter-19-cisco-unified-wireless-network 1. If WPA or WPA2 is used as a wireless security suite, which one of the following represents a feature that is not offered in other wireless security methods? A. Virus mitigation B. Packet authentication C. Strong password policy D. Session time limits 2. If WPA is used, how ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3427/ccnp-bcmsn-chapter-18-wireless-architecture-and-design 1. Which one of the following standard sets is used in wireless LANs? A. IEEE 802.1 B. IEEE 802.3 C. IEEE 802.5 D. IEEE 802.11 2. Which one of the following methods is used to minimize collisions in a wireless LAN? A. CSMA/CD B. CSMA/CA C. LWAPP D. LACP ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3426/ccnp-bcmsn-chapter-17-wireless-lan-overview 1. Which one of the following can filter packets even if they are not routed to another Layer 3 interface? A. IP extended access lists B. MAC address access lists C. VLAN access lists D. Port-based access lists 2. In what part of a Catalyst switch are VLAN ACLs ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3425/ccnp-bcmsn-chapter-16-securing-with-vlans 1. Which switch feature can grant access through a port only if the host with MAC address 0005.0004.0003 is connected? A. SPAN B. MAC address ACL C. Port security D. Port-based authentication 2. Port security is being used to control access to a switch port. Which one of these ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3424/ccnp-bcmsn-chapter-15-securing-switch-access 1. For a Catalyst switch to offer Power over Ethernet to a device, what must occur? A. Nothing; power always is enabled on a port. B. The switch must detect that the device needs inline power. C. The device must send a CDP message asking for power. D. The ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3423/ccnp-bcmsn-chapter-14-ip-telephony 1. Which one of the following do multilayer switches share when running HSRP? A. Routing tables B. ARP cache C. CAM table D. IP address 2. What HSRP group uses the MAC address 0000.0c07.ac11? A. Group 0 B. Group 7 C. Group 11 D. Group 17 3. Two routers ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3422/ccnp-bcmsn-chapter-13-router-supervisor-and-power-redundancy 1. Which of the following arrangements can be considered InterVLAN routing? A. One switch, two VLANs, one connection to a router B. One switch, two VLANs, two connections to a router C. Two switches, two VLANs, two connections to a router D. All of these answers are correct 2. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3421/ccnp-bcmsn-chapter-12-multilayer-switching 1. Which one of the following enables the use of RSTP? A. PVST+ B. RPVST+ C. 802.1D D. CST E. MST 2. On which standard is RSTP based? A. 802.1Q B. 802.1D C. 802.1w D. 802.1s 3. Which of the following is not a port state in RSTP? ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3420/ccnp-bcmsn-chapter-11-advanced-spanning-tree-protocol 1. Why is it important to protect the placement of the Root Bridge? A. To keep two Root Bridges from becoming active B. To keep the STP topology stable C. So all hosts have the correct gateway D. So the Root Bridge can have complete knowledge of the STP ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3414/ccnp-bcmsn-chapter-10-protecting-the-spanning-tree-protocol-topology 1. Where should the Root Bridge be placed on a network? A. On the fastest switch B. Closest to the most users C. Closest to the center of the network D. On the least-used switch 2. Which of the following is a result of a poorly placed Root Bridge ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3413/ccnp-bcmsn-chapter-9-spanning-tree-configuration 1. How is a bridging loop best described? A. A loop formed between switches for redundancy B. A loop formed by the Spanning Tree Protocol C. A loop formed between switches where frames circulate endlessly D. The round-trip path a frame takes from source to destination 2. Which of ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3412/ccnp-bcmsn-chapter-8-traditional-spanning-tree-protocol 1. If Fast Ethernet ports are bundled into an EtherChannel, what is the maximum throughput supported on a Catalyst switch? A. 100 Mbps B. 200 Mbps C. 400 Mbps D. 800 Mbps E. 1600 Mbps 2. Which of these methods distributes traffic over an EtherChannel? A. Round robin B. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3411/ccnp-bcmsn-chapter-7-aggregating-switch-links 1. Which of the following is not a Catalyst switch VTP mode? A. Server B. Client C. Designated D. Transparent 2. A switch in VTP transparent mode can do which one of the following? A. Create a new VLAN B. Only listen to VTP advertisements C. Send its own ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3410/ccnp-bcmsn-chapter-6-vlan-trunking-protocol 1. A VLAN is which of the following? A. Collision domain B. Spanning-tree domain C. Broadcast domain D. VTP domain 2. Switches provide VLAN connectivity at which layer of the OSI model? A. Layer 1 B. Layer 2 C. Layer 3 D. Layer 4 3. Which one of the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3409/ccnp-bcmsn-chapter-5-vlans-and-trunks 1. What does the IEEE 802.3 standard define? A. Spanning Tree Protocol B. Token Ring C. Ethernet D. Switched Ethernet 2. At what layer are traditional 10-Mbps Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethernet the same? A. Layer 1 B. Layer 2 C. Layer 3 D. Layer 4 3. At ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3408/ccnp-bcmsn-chapter-4-switch-port-configuration 1. Which of the following devices performs transparent bridging? A. Ethernet hub B. Layer 2 switch C. Layer 3 switch D. Router 2. When a PC is connected to a Layer 2 switch port, how far does the collision domain spread? A. No collision domain exists. B. One switch ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3407/ccnp-bcmsn-chapter-3-switch-operation 1. What is the purpose of breaking a campus network into a hierarchical design? A. To facilitate documentation B. To follow political or organizational policies C. To make the network predictable and scalable D. To make the network more redundant and secure 2. Which of the following are building ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3406/ccnp-bcmsn-chapter-2-modular-network-design 1. Layer 2 switching uses which of the following values to forward data? A. IP address B. IPX address C. MAC address D. RIP address E. UDP port 2. Multilayer switching (MLS) forwards packets based on what OSI layers? A. Layer 1 B. Layer 2 C. Layer 3 D. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3404/ccnp-bcmsn-chapter-1-campus-network-overview 1. The Cisco Unified Wireless Network unique approach addresses all layers of the WLAN network through what five interconnected elements? a. Access points, mobility platform, network unification, world-class network management, and unified advanced services b. Client devices, access points, mobility platform, network unification, and unified advanced services c. Client ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ont/3383/chapter-10-wlan-management 1. Which of the following is not an issue or a weakness of initial WLAN security approaches? a. Relying on SSID as a security measure b. Relying on MAC filters c. Overhead of mutual authentication between wireless clients and access control/authentication servers d. Usage of static WEP 2. Which ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ont/3382/chapter-9-introducing-8021x-and-configuring-encryption-and-authentication 1. Select the correct statement about wireless LANs. a. WLANs are mostly implemented as extensions to wired LANS. b. 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This new technology adds to the existing arsenal of 802.11 standards for wireless ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/wireless/3333/cisco-wireless-lan-80211n-migration-service 642-736 IAUWS Exam Topics Exam Description The 642-736 IAUWS Implementing Advanced Cisco Unified Wireless Security exam is the exam associated with the CCNP Wireless certification. This exam assesses a candidate's capability to secure the wireless network from security threats via appropriate security policies and best practices, to properly implement ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna-ccnp-ccie-ccda-ccdp-ccde/ccnp-ccsp/3332/642-736-iauws-exam-topics 642-746 IUWMS Exam Topics Exam Description The 642-746 IUWMS Implementing Cisco Unified Wireless Mobility Services exam is the exam associated with the CCNP Wireless certification. 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If you have any ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/pass4sure/3296/ccna-640-802-p4s-tis-tk-pdf-free-download * By Amir Ranjbar, Keith Hutton. * Published by Cisco Press. * Series: Self-Study Guide. * Published: Dec 6, 2004 * Copyright 2005 * Dimensions: 7-3/8" x 9-1/8" * Pages: 696 * Edition: 1st A new edition of this title is available, ISBN-10: 1587055740 ISBN-13: 9781587055744 Cisco authorized ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/3292/offerccdp-self-study-designing-cisco-network-architecture * By David Kotfila, Joshua Moorhouse, Ross Wolfson. * Published by Cisco Press. * Series: Lab Companion. * Published: Dec 12, 2007 * Copyright 2008 * Dimensions: 8-1/2x10-7/8 * Pages: 600 * Edition: 1st CCNP Building Scalable Internetworks (BSCI 642-901) Lab Portfolio provides you with opportunities for hands-on ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/3289/offerccnp-bsci-642-901-lab-portfolio * By David Kotfila, Joshua Moorhouse, Christian Price, Ross Wolfson. * Published by Cisco Press. * Series: Lab Companion. * Published: Dec 27, 2007 * Copyright 2008 * Dimensions: 8-1/2x10-7/8 * Pages: 240 * Edition: 1st CCNP Building Multilayer Switched Networks (BCMSN 642-812) Lab Portfolio provides you with ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/3288/offerccnp-bcmsn-642-812-lab-portfolio * By David Kotfila, Joshua Moorhouse, Ross Wolfson. * Published by Cisco Press. * Series: Lab Companion. * Published: Mar 24, 2008 * Copyright 2008 * Dimensions: 8-1/2 X 10-7/8 * Pages: 408 * Edition: 1st CCNP Implementing Secured Converged Wide-Area Networks (ISCW 642-825) Lab Portfolio provides you ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/3287/offerccnp-iscw-642-825-lab-portfolio * By David Kotfila, Joshua Moorhouse, Ross Wolfson. * Published by Cisco Press. * Series: Lab Companion. * Published: Mar 24, 2008 * Copyright 2008 * Dimensions: 8-1/2 X 10-7/8 * Pages: 288 * Edition: 1st CCNP Optimizing Converged Networks (ONT 642-845) Lab Portfolio provides you with opportunities ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/3286/offerccnp-ont-642-845-lab-portfolio * By Jeremy Cioara, Michael J. Cavanaugh, Kris A. Krake. * Published by Cisco Press. * Series: Exam Certification Guide. * Published: Nov 7, 2008 * Copyright 2009 * Dimensions: 7-3/8 X 9-1/8 * Pages: 576 * Edition: 1st CCNA Voice Official Exam Certification Guide is a best ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/3285/offerccna-voice-official-exam-certification-guide # Paperback: 544 pages # Publisher: Que (June 2000) # Language: English # ISBN-10: 078972359X # ISBN-13: 978-0789723598 Product Description The CCIE Routing and Switching Exam Guide prepares you to pass the CCIE written exam. This book covers all necessary objectives for the exam with a tutorial text ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/3283/offerccie-prep-kit-350-001-routing-and-switching TCP/IP defines a maximum length for an IP packet. The term used to describe that maximum length is maximum transmission unit (MTU). The MTU varies based on configuration and the interface's characteristics. By default, a computer calculates an interface's MTU based on the maximum size of the data portion ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3282/mtu-and-fragmentation File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) are two popular file transfer protocols used in TCP/IP networks. Most end users use FTP, but Cisco router and switch administrators often use TFTP. FTP is a TCP-based application that has many options and features, including the capability to ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3281/ftp-and-tftp ICMP is a TCP/IP protocol designed to help manage and control the operation of a TCP/IP network. The ICMP protocol provides a wide variety of information about a network's status and is considered part of TCP/IP's network layer. ICMP can provide useful information for troubleshooting TCP/IP. ICMP uses messages ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3280/internet-control-message-protocol-icmp The ip nat inside source overload command is used to configure NAT overload. The overload parameter is required to enable overload. Without this parameter, the router does not perform overload, but dynamic NAT. You can use the show ip nat translations to troubleshoot NAT overload. http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3279/configuring-nat-overload-and-pat Dynamic NAT configuration differs from static NAT but it also has some similarities. It requires that each interface be identified as either an inside or outside interface but the static mapping is not required. In addition, a pool of inside global addresses needs to be defined. The ip nat ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3278/configuring-dynamic-nat Static NAT configuration requires that each static mapping between a local, or private, address and a global, or public, address must be configured. Then, each interface needs to be identified as either an inside or outside interface. The ip nat inside source static command is used to create a ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3277/configuring-static-nat NAT can also be used in organizations that do not use private addressing but use a network number registered to another company. If one organization uses a network number that is registered to another organization, and both organizations are connected to the Internet, NAT can be used to translate ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3276/translating-overlapping-addresses In some networks, most, if not all, IP hosts need to reach the Internet. If that network uses private IP addresses, the NAT router needs a very large set of registered IP addresses. If you use static NAT, each private IP host that needs Internet access needs a publicly ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3275/overloading-nat-with-port-address-translation-pat Dynamic NAT is similar to static NAT in that the NAT router creates a one-to-one mapping between an inside local and inside global address and changes the IP addresses in packets as they exit and enter the inside network. However, the mapping of an inside local address to an ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3274/dynamic-nat In Static NAT, the IP addresses are statically mapped to each other. Thus, the NAT router simply configures a one-to-one mapping between the private address and the registered address that is used on its behalf. Supporting two IP hosts in the private network requires a second static one-to-one mapping ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3273/static-nat The advantage of using private IP addresses is that it allows an organization to use private addressing in a network, and use the Internet at the same time, by implementing Network Address Translation (NAT). NAT is defined in RFC 1631 and allows a host that does not have a ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3272/network-address-translation-nat-2 The advantage of using private IP addresses is that it allows an organization to use private addressing in a network, and use the Internet at the same time, by implementing Network Address Translation (NAT). NAT is defined in RFC 1631 and allows a host that does not have a ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3271/network-address-translation-nat Most organizations have a number of computers that will never be connected to the Internet. These computers do not need globally unique IP addresses but must be unique within the organization's network. Thus, an organization could use any network number(s) it wanted, regardless of whether those network number(s) are ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3270/private-ip-addressing There are a number of show and debug commands that can be used to configure, maintain, and troubleshoot a live EIGP network. The show commands are: • show ip eigrp neighbors, which provides detailed information on the neighbors. • show ip eigrp topology, which provides details about the routes ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3269/verifying-the-eigrp-configuration The commands used to configure EIGRP on a Cisco router are consistent with the other IP routing protocol commands. The EIGRP commands are: • router eigrp autonomous_system_number configures EIGRP as the routing protocol on the router. • network network_number [ wildcard_mask ] defines the networks that are to participate ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3268/configuring-eigrp There are a number of show ip commands that can be used when troubleshooting an OSPF network. These commands are: • show ip ospf, which provides information about the OSPF process and its details. • show ip ospf database, which provides information about the contents of the topological database. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3267/verifying-the-ospf-configuration There are a few simple commands that are used to configure and troubleshoot a Cisco router configured to use OSPF in a single area and in a multiple area network. The commands used to configure OSPF are: • router ospf < process_number > where process_number is a number local ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3266/configuring-ospf EIGRP avoids loops by keeping some basic topological information but not full information. When a router learns multiple routes to the same subnet, it puts the best route in the routing table, following the same rules about adding multiple equal-metric routes as IGRP. In EIGRP, the best route, i.e., ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3265/eigrp-loop-avoidance Cisco supports two distance vector IP routing protocols, namely RIP and IGRP; two link-state IP routing protocols, namely OSPF and Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS); and a single balanced hybrid IP routing protocol, namely Enhance IGRP (EIGRP). EIGRP is called a balanced hybrid protocol because it has some features that ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3264/balanced-hybrid-routing-protocol-and-eigrp Because of the hierarchical nature of a multiple area OSPF network, routers have different responsibilities, depending on their position and functionality within the hierarchical design. These routers have different designations such as internal routers, backbone routers, area border routers (ABR), and autonomous system boundary routers (ASBR). • The Internal ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3263/router-responsibilities Regardless of which approach is used, a multiple area OSP network has a hierarchical structure and consists a number of distinct areas. These areas are: • The backbone area, which is also referred to as Area 0. All other areas must connect to the backbone area. Hence, this area ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3262/ospf-area-types There are a number of problems associated with using OSPF. These problems are related to the network size. The larger the network, the greater the probability of a network change, which would require a recalculation of the whole area. This increases the frequency with which the SPF algorithm is ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3261/ospf-areas-2 Link-state protocols keep in touch with their neighbors by periodically exchanging small packets rather than complete routing updates. In OSPF, these packets are called Hello packets, which identify the subnet, the router sending the packets and a few other details. These Hello packets serve the same purpose as timed, ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3260/steady-state-operation Five packets are used to build the routing table on a new OSPFconfigured router. These are the Hello protocol; the database descriptor, which is used to send summary information to neighbors to synchronize topology databases; the link-state request, which works as a request for more detailed information that is ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3259/building-routing-table-on-new-ospf-configured-routers Two versions of VTP, VTP version 1 and VTP version 2, are available for use in a management domain. Although VTP version 1 is the default protocol on a Catalyst switch, Catalyst switches are capable of running both versions; however, the two versions are not interoperable within a management ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3251/configuring-the-vtp-version Once you have assigned the switch to a VTP management domain, you need to select the VTP mode for the new switch. There are three VTP modes that can be selected: server mode, client mode and transparent mode. On an IOS-based switch, the following commands can be used to ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3250/configuring-the-vtp-mode Before a switch is added into a network, the VTP management domain should be identified. If this switch is the first one on the network, the management domain will need to be created. Otherwise, the switch may have to join an existing management domain with other existing switches. The ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3249/configuring-a-vtp-management-domain Before VLANs can be configured, VTP must be configured. By default, every switch will operate in VTP server mode for the management domain NULL, with no password or secure mode. The following sections discuss the commands and considerations that should be used to configure a switch for VTP operation. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3248/vtp-configuration A switch must forward broadcast frames out all available ports in the broadcast domain because broadcasts are destined everywhere there is a listener. Multicast frames, unless forwarded by more intelligent means, follow the same pattern. In addition, frames destined for an address that the switch has not yet learned ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3247/vtp-pruning Transparent mode does not allow the switch to participate in VTP negotiations. Thus, a switch does not advertise its own VLAN configuration, and a switch does not synchronize its VLAN database with received advertisements. VLANs can still be created, deleted, and renamed on the transparent switch. However, they will ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3246/transparent-mode Client mode is a passive listening mode. Switches listens to VTP advertisements from other switches and modify their VLAN configurations accordingly. Thus the administrator is not allowed to create, change, or delete any VLANs. If other switches are in the management domain, a new switch should be configured for ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3245/client-mode Server mode is the default mode. In this mode, VTP servers have full control over VLAN creation and modification for their domains. All VTP information is advertised to other switches in the domain, while all received VTP information is synchronized with the other switches. Because it is the default ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3244/server-mode Administration of network environments that consists of many interconnected switches is complicated. Cisco has developed a propriety solution to manage VLANs across such networks using the VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) to exchange VLAN configuration information between switches. VTP uses Layer 2 trunk frames to exchange VLAN information so that ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3243/vlan-trunking-protocol-vtp After Cisco created ISL, the IEEE completed work on the 802.1Q standard. 802.1Q uses a different style of header to tag frames with a VLAN number than the ISL. It does not encapsulate the original frame, but adds a 4-byte header to the original Ethernet header. This additional header ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3242/8021q Cisco created ISL before the IEEE standardized a trunking protocol. Thus, ISL is a Cisco proprietary solution and can be used only between two Cisco switches. ISL fully encapsulates each original Ethernet frame in an ISL header and trailer. The original Ethernet frame inside the ISL header and trailer ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3241/inter-switch-link-isl When using VLANs in networks that have multiple interconnected switches, you need to use VLAN trunking between the switches. With VLAN trunking, the switches tag each frame sent between switches so that the receiving switch knows to what VLAN the frame belongs. End user devices connect to switch ports ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3240/vlan-trunking The number of VLANs that will be implemented on a network is dependent on traffic patterns, application types, segmenting common workgroups, and network management requirements. However, consideration must be given to the relationship between VLANs and the IP addressing schemes. Cisco recommends a oneto- one correspondence between VLANs and ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3239/extent-of-vlans When a VLAN is provided at an access layer switch, an end user must be able to gain membership to it. Two membership methods exist on Cisco Catalyst switches: static VLANs and dynamic VLANs. • Static VLANs offer port-based membership, where switch ports are assigned to specific VLANs. End ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3238/vlan-membership-2 • show frame-relay pvc is useful for viewing the status of statically or dynamically defined PVCs. The output for each PVC is detailed. The output also gives information on each circuit that specifies the receipt or transmission of FECN/BECN packets. FECN and BECN deal with congestion in the Frame ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3237/verifying-frame-relay-configuration You must define specific parameters for Frame Relay operation. The parameters include LMI and DLCI configuration. If you use a pre 11.2 release of IOS Software, you must specify the LMI type that is being implemented. The Frame Relay service provider, or service provider, should provide the LMI information. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3236/configuring-frame-relay-characteristics For each protocol to be passed across the Frame Relay connection, you must configure appropriate addressing. This addressing must be planned in advance. For point-to- point connections, each individual circuit should have its own subnetwork addressing and two available host addresses. For IP, each subinterface is assigned a separate ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3235/configuring-protocol-specific-parameters To enable Frame Relay on the interface, issue the encapsulation frame relay command. The encapsulation of the interface determines the way it should act because each encapsulation is technologyspecific. The encapsulation specified at this point dictates the Layer 2 framing characteristics of the packet passed to this specific interface ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3234/configuring-frame-relay-encapsulation The interface that interfaces the Frame Relay network is the one that should be configured. Once the interface has been selected, you should change to the appropriate interface configuration mode in the router. You should decide whether subinterfaces should be implemented. For a single point-to-point implementation, it might not ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3232/determining-the-interface In many cases, the configuration of Frame Relay can be as simple as setting the encapsulation and putting an IP address on the interface. This enables inverse-ARP to dynamically configure the DLCI and discover neighboring routers across the cloud. Although basic functionality can be achieved in this manner, more ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3231/frame-relay-configuration-2 The DLCI is an addressing mechanism used to identify a VC so that when multiple VCs use the same access link the Frame Relay switches know how to forward the frames to the correct remote sites. Two important features of the DLCI are: • The Frame Relay headers, which ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3230/dlci-addressing The LMI is a definition of the messages used between the DTE and the DCE. The encapsulation defines the headers used by a DTE to communicate some information to the DTE on the other end of a VC. The switch and its connected router care about using the same ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3229/lmi-and-encapsulation-types Frame Relay is a connection-oriented, Layer 2 WAN connection technology. It operates at speeds from 56 kpbs to 45 Mbps. It is very flexible and offers a wide array of deployment options. Frame Relay operates by statistically multiplexing multiple data streams over a single physical link. Each data stream ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3227/frame-relay Multilink PPP is a non-proprietary specification that enables the bandwidth aggregation of multiple B channels into one logical pipe, providing load-balancing functionality over multiple wide area network (WAN) links, while providing packet fragmentation and proper sequencing, and load calculation on both inbound and outbound traffic. Multilink PPP enables packets ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3226/multilink-ppp The configuration for Legacy DDR requires a route to point packets out a particular physical interface. As soon as the packets are routed out the interface, DDR logic can decide if the packet is interesting. If it is interesting, DDR logic causes the dial to occur. With Legacy DDR, ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3225/configuring-ddr-with-dialer-profiles The process of Legacy DDR works in four steps: 1. Route packets out the interface to be dialed; 2. Determine the subset of the packets that trigger the dialing process; 3. Dial (signal); and 4. Determine when the connection is terminated. To begin the process of building a Legacy ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3224/configuring-legacy-ddr Dial-on-demand routing (DDR) is a feature available on ISDN-capable Cisco routers. It was created to enable users to save money on usage-based ISDN. Use-based ISDN occurs when charges are assessed for every minute of ISDN circuit connect time. In such environments, the connection should be down during no or ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3223/dial-on-demand-routing-ddr Layer 1 includes specifications for encoding and framing. Without these specifications, the devices attached to the network would not know how to send and receive bits across the medium. You need to be aware of encoding and framing at Layer 1 when configuring an ISDN PRI, because you need ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3222/encoding-and-framing ISDN Layer 3 does not impose the use of any network layer protocol for the B channels. The use of the D channel is defined in Q.931 and specified in ITU I.451 and Q.931 + Q.932. Q.931 is used between the TE and the local ISDN switch. Inside the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3220/isdn-layer-3 ISDN Layer 2 is meant to provide physical addressing on the network. Because multiple logical devices can exist in a single physical device, it is necessary to correctly identify the source and/or destination process or logical entity when transmitting or receiving data. In communication with the ISDN switch, an ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3219/isdn-layer-2 The ISDN implementation is divided into three layers. Layer 1 deals with signal framing, Layer 2 deals with framing protocols, and Layer 3 deals with D channel call setup and teardown protocols. Each of these protocols has a specific function. http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3218/isdn-layers ISDN protocols fall in one of three categories: E-series protocols, I-series protocols and Q-series protocols. • The E-series protocols include E.163 and E.164, both of which are used for the international telephone numbering plan and international ISDN addressing. • The I-series protocols include the I.100 series and I.400 series. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3217/isdn-protocols ISDN interfaces can be either Basic Rate Interface (BRI) or Primary Rate Interface (PRI). A PRI differs from a BRI mainly due to the number of channels it offers. ISDN channels are usually divided into two different types: the bearer (B) channel, which carries the data, and the D ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3216/isdn-channels Sites that use routers often need some sort of permanent, always-on WAN connectivity to other sites in the network. They also require a back-up system, usually some sort of a dial (circuit-switched) technology that can be used should that permanent connectivity fail. Other sites that need only occasional WAN ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3215/integrated-services-digital-network-isdn A standard access list is used to match a packet and then take the directed action. Each standard ACL can match all, or only part, of the packet's source IP address. The only two actions taken when an access-list statement is matched are to either deny or permit the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3214/standard-ip-access-list-configuration-2 IOS IP ACLs match packets by looking at the IP, TCP, and UDP headers in the packet. Standard IP access lists can also examine only the source IP address. You can configure the router to match the entire IP address or just a part of the IP address. When ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3213/wildcard-masks-2 The traceroute command was introduced with the release 10.0 of Cisco IOS and can be used to find the route between IP devices. The traceroute command can be executed in user and privileged exec modes, but in privileged exec mode, you can use the extended traceroute, which is more ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3210/the-traceroute-command The ping command, which is included as a part of the TCP/IP protocol suite, is supported at the user and privileged exec modes. In user mode, you must specify an IP address or a host name, if the host name can be resolved to an IP address, with the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3209/the-ping-command The convergence cycle used in Link-State Routing Protocols, such as OSFP and IS-IS, differs from that of the distance-vector protocols. When a router detects a link failure between itself and a neighbor, it tries to perform a Designated Router (DR) election process on the LAN interface, but fails to ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3208/link-state-convergence Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP) convergence differs slightly. If a router detects a link failure between itself and a neighbor, it checks the network topology table for a feasible alternate route. If it does not find a qualifying alternate route, it enters in an active convergence state and sends a Query ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3207/eigrp-convergence Convergence time is one of the problems associated with distance-vector protocols, such as RIPv1 and IGRP. When a router detects a link failure between itself and a neighbor, it sends a flash update with a poisoned route to it other neighbors. These neighbors in turn create a new flash ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3203/rip-and-igrp-convergence In a routed network, the routing process in each router must maintain a loop-free, single path to each possible destination logical network. When all of the routing tables are synchronized and each contains a usable route to each destination network, the network is described as being 'converged'. Convergence is ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3202/convergence In order to forward a packet that has arrived at a router interface, the router must perform a switching function. This switching function has four steps: • A packet transiting the router will be accepted into the router if the frame header contains the MAC address of one of ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3201/basic-switching-functions One of the most serious limitations in a classful network environment is that the routing mask is not exchanged during the routing update process. This requires the same routing mask be used on all subnetworks. The classless approach advertises the routing mask for each route and therefore a more ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3200/classless-routing Classful routing is used in routing packets based upon the class of IP address. IP addresses are divided into five classes: Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, and Class E. Class A, Class B and Class C are used to private and public network addressing; Class D ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3199/classful-routing Link-state routing differs from distance-vector routing in that each router knows the exact topology of the network. This reduces the number of bad routing decisions that can be made because every router in the process has an identical view of the network. Each router in the network will report ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3198/link-state-routing Distance vector protocols typically send updates based on a regular update interval. However, most looping problems occur when a route fails. Therefore, some distance vector protocols send triggered updates as soon as a route fails. This causes the information about the route whose status has changed to be forwarded ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3197/triggered-updates Split horizon solves the counting-to-infinity problem over a single link but the counting to infinity problem can also occur in networks with multiple or redundant paths because there are more than one path to a router. In such networks, the hold-down timer feature prevents the counting-to-infinity problem. With the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3196/hold-down-timer Split horizon with poison reverse, or simply poison reverse combines the two features. When a route fails the router uses route poisoning, i.e., the router advertises an infinite-metric route about that subnet out all interfaces, including interfaces previously prevented by split horizon. This ensures that all routers know for ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3195/split-horizon-with-poison-reverse As mentioned earlier, route poisoning does not solve the counting-to-infinity problem. Counting-to-infinity can occur when one router has a valid metric that points to an address that is reachable through an intermediate router while the intermediate router has an infinite-distance route to the same address (see Figure 4.1). If ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3194/split-horizon Route poisoning is a feature that distance vector protocols use to reduce the chance of routing loops. Route poisoning begins when a router notices that a connected route is no longer valid. The router then advertises that route out all its interfaces and with a very large metric so ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3193/route-poisoning Distance-vector routing is consists of two parts: distance and vector. Distance is the measure of how far it is to reach the destination and vector is the direction the packet must travel to reach that destination. The latter is determined by the next hop of the path. Distance-vector routing ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3192/distance-vector-routing-2 There are two types of dynamic routing protocols: Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP) and External Gateway Protocols (EGP). IGPs are used to exchange routing information within an autonomous system (AS), which is a collection of routing domains under the same administrative control the same routing domain. An EGP, on the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3191/routing-protocols You can use the show ip route privileged exec command to view an IP routing table. If the information that is displayed is not correct, you can force an update from the neighboring devices with the clear ip route command. An optional keyword specifying an ip_address and subnet_mask, or ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3190/verifying-routing-tables Routing updates can occur using the distance vector approach or the link-state approach. • Distance-vector protocols use a routine, periodic announcement that contains the entire contents of the routing table. These announcements are usually broadcasts and are propagated only to directly-connected, next-hop, devices. This allows the router to view ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3189/routing-updates Dynamic routing is a process in which a routing protocol will find the best path in a network and maintain that route. Once a route fails, the routing protocol will automatically find an alternate route to the destination. Routing protocols are easier to use than static routes. However, a ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3188/dynamic-routing A statically defined route is a route is manually entered into the router. The purpose of this is to add routes to a router's routing table. Thus, static routing consists of individual configuration commands that define a route to a router. A router can forward packets only to subnets ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3187/static-routing A routing table is a database repository that holds the router's routing information that represents each possible logical destination network that is known to the router. The entries for major networks are listed in ascending order and, most commonly, within each major network the subnetworks are listed in descending ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3186/routing-tables QUESTION 251 You need to troubleshoot a route redistribution problem with the Certkiller multi-protocol network. Which three steps are most helpful in verifying proper route redistribution? (Select three) A. On the routers not performing the route redistribution, use the "show ip route" command to see if the redistributed routes ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3185/ccnp-642-892-exam-questions-of-251-300 QUESTION 221 The Certkiller administrator has decided to configure Integrated IS-IS on the network. What must the administrator do to enable the interfaces to distribute IP information using IS-IS? A. All configured IP networks will automatically be enabled when IS-IS is configured with the "router isis" global configuration command. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3184/ccnp-642-892-exam-questions-of-221-250 When an IP address is assigned to an interface, it is configured with the subnet mask. Although represented in a dotted decimal format, the router converts the IP address and the subnet mask into binary and performs a logical AND operation to find the network portion of the address, ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3183/determining-the-network-id-using-the-logical-and-operation Both EIGRP and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) send the subnet mask along with the routing update. This feature allows the use of VLSM and summarization. When the routing update is received, it assigns the subnet mask to the particular subnet. When the routing process performs a lookup, it ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3182/manual-summarization All routing protocols employ some a type of summarization. RIP and IGRP automatically summarize at the NIC or natural class boundary as the subnet mask is not sent in the routing updates. When a routing update is received, the router checks if it has an interface in the same ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3181/automatic-summarization Summarization allows the representation of a series of networks in a single summary address. At the top of the hierarchical design, the subnets in the routing table are more generalized. The subnet masks are shorter because they have aggregated the subnets lower in the network hierarchy. These summarized networks ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3180/summarization The process of extending the default subnet mask creates a counting range in the octet that the subnet was extended into, which can be used to represent subnetworks. This allows a single Class A, B, or C network to be subdivided into many smaller groups with each group, or ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3178/subneting CIDR is used within the Internet. Its counterpart within an organization is the Variable-length subnet mask (VLSM). Like CIDR, VLSM allows you to allocate the required host bits on a granular basis. In other words, it allows you to provide only the bits required to address the number of ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3177/variable-length-subnet-masks Class-based IP addressing is fairly rigid. Thus, a small company with 50 hosts that wants to connect to the Internet would need a Class C address. However, a Class C address range supports 253 hosts; therefore 203 addresses would be wasted. Similarly, a company with 4,000 hosts would require ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3176/classless-interdomain-routing-cidr-notation IP addresses are divided in to 'classes', based on the decimal value represented in the first octet. This class definition is referred to as the First Octet Rule. There are five classes of IP addresses: classes A, class B, class C, class D; and class E, but only class ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3175/ip-address-classes-2 Both the IP address and its associated subnet mask contain 32 bits. However, the 32 -bit IP address can be represented in other formats. The common formats include decimal (base 10) and hexadecimal (base 16) notation. The generally accepted format for representing IP addresses and subnet masks the doted ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3174/dotted-decimal-format Binary is a numeral system that is 2 based, i.e., it uses only 0s and 1s, to denote a value. Because binary is 2 based, each successive bit is twice the value of the preceding bit, read from right to left. This is illustrated in Appendix A. A 0 ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3173/binary-format An IP address is a network layer (Layer 3) address that uniquely identifies a host, including network components and devices, on a TCP/IP network. An IP address is composed of 32 binary bits and consists of two parts: a network ID and a host ID. • The Network ID ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3172/ip-addressing The IEEE has improved the 802.1d protocol, which defines STP, with the definition of Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP), as defined in standard 802.1w. RSTP is similar to STP in that it elects the root switch using the same parameters and tiebreakers; elects the root port on nonroot switches ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3171/rapid-spanning-tree-ieee-8021w PortFast allows a switch to place a port in forwarding state immediately when the port becomes physically active. However, the only ports on which you can safely enable PortFast are ports on which you know that no bridges, switches, or other STP devices are connected. Thus, PortFast is most ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3170/portfast EtherChannel combines from two to eight parallel Ethernet trunks between the same pair of switches, bundled into an EtherChannel. STP treats an EtherChannel as a single link, so if at least one of the links is up, STP convergence does not have to occur. With each pair of Ethernet ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3169/etherchannel Cisco has added several proprietary enhancements to STP and to the logic used by its switches. Also, the IEEE, which owns the STP specifications, has made other enhancements, some similar to Cisco's proprietary enhancements. http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3168/optional-stp-features STP operates as switches send BPDUs to each other in an effort to form a loop-free topology. The BPDUs take a finite amount of time to travel from switch to switch. In addition, news of a topology change such as a link or Root Bridge failure can suffer from ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3167/stp-timers To participate in STP, each port of a switch must progress through several states. A port begins in a Disabled state moving through several passive states and finally into an active state if allowed to forward traffic. The STP port states are: Disabled, Blocking, Listening, Learning, and Forwarding. • ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3166/stp-states For all switches in a network to agree on a loop-free topology, a common frame of reference must exist. This reference point is called the Root Bridge. The Root Bridge is chosen by an election process among all connected switches. Each switch has a unique Bridge ID that it ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3163/root-bridge-election A Layer 2 switch, which functions as a transparent bridge, offers no additional links for redundancy purposes. To add redundancy, a second switch must be added. Now two switches offer the transparent bridging function in parallel. LAN designs with redundant links introduce the possibility that frames might loop around ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3162/spanning-tree-protocol-stp The basic boot sequence for a Cisco router is: Step 1: The router performs a power-on self-test (POST) to discover and verify the hardware. Step 2: The router loads and runs bootstrap code from ROM. Step 3: The router finds the IOS or other software and loads it. Step ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3161/the-cisco-ios-software-boot-sequence Typically, a router has one IOS image and that is the IOS that is used. This IOS image is typically stored in Flash memory, which is a rewriteable, permanent form of storage. The IOS image can also be placed on an external TFTP server, but this is typically done ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3160/upgrading-cisco-ios-software Your configuration commands, as well as some default configuration commands are stored in the configuration file. No hard disk or diskette storage exists on Cisco routers therefore; the configuration file is stored in memory. The configuration files can also be stored as ASCII text files anywhere exterior to the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3158/managing-configuration-files Configuration mode is one of the modes for the Cisco CLI. It is similar to user mode and privileged mode. User mode allows commands that are not disruptive to be issued, with some information being displayed to the user. Privileged mode supports a superset of commands compared to user ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3157/configuring-cisco-ios-software IOS creates messages, which are called syslog messages, when different events occur and, by default, sends them to the console. The router also generates messages that are treated like syslog messages in response to some troubleshooting tasks that you might perform. The debug command is one of the key ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3156/syslog-messages-and-the-debug-command Typing ? in the console displays help for all commands supported by the CLI mode. In other words, the information supplied by using help depends on the CLI mode. If ? is typed in user mode, the commands allowed only in privileged exec mode are not displayed. Also, help ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3155/the-cli-help-features The majority of Cisco routers run Cisco IOS Software with the command-line interface (CLI). The CLI is used to interface with the device and send commands to the device. This is achieved through the use of a terminal, a terminal emulator, or a Telnet connection. Some routing cards, such ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3153/the-cisco-ios-software-command-line-interface Cisco routers run the Cisco Internetworking Operating System (IOS) with a command- line interface (CLI). The IOS also runs on some Cisco switch models, and it uses CLI. However, in some cases, the IOS CLI on a switch is slightly different than on a router. Furthermore, the IOS on ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3152/the-cisco-ios-software Because wireless networks can be accessed by anyone with a compatible wireless network adapter, most models of wireless network adapters and WAPs provide for encryption options. Some devices with this feature enable you to set a security code known as an SSID on the wireless devices on your network. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3151/security-features Wireless networks work in one of two modes that are also referred to as topologies. These two modes are ad-hoc mode and infrastructure mode. The mode you implement depends on whether you want your computers to communicate directly with each other, or via a WAP. • In ad-hoc mode, ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3150/wireless-network-modes In the absence of an industry standard, the early forms of wireless networking were single-vendor proprietary solutions that could not communicate with wireless network products from other vendors. In 1997, the computer industry developed the IEE 802.11 wireless Ethernet standard. Wireless network products based on this standard are capable ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3149/wireless-network-standards Conventional Ethernet networks require cables connected computers via hubs and switches. This has the effect of restricting the computer's mobility and requires that even portable computers be physically connected to a hub or switch to access the network. An alternative to cabled networking is wireless networking. The first wireless ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3148/wireless-networks An Ethernet switch uses the same logic as a transparent bridge, but performs more functions, has more features, and has more physical ports. Switches use hardware to learn MAC addresses and to make forwarding and filtering decisions, whereas bridges use software. A switch listens for frames that enter all ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3146/lan-switching Bridging is used to connect two network segments. This alleviates congestion problems on a single Ethernet segment and extends allowed cabling distances because the segments on each side of the bridge conformed to the same distance limitation as a single segment. This bridge is called "transparent bridging" because the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3143/bridging-2 Network addressing identifies either individual devices or groups of devices on a LAN. A pair of network devices that transmit frames between each other use a source and destination address field to identify each other. These addresses are called unicast addresses, or individual addresses, because they identify an individual ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3142/network-addressing Like Ethernet, Token Ring is a LAN technology that provides shared media access to many connected hosts. Token Ring hosts are arranged using the ring topology. A token is passed from host to host around the ring, giving the current token holder permission to transmit a frame onto the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3141/token-ring Gigabit Ethernet is an escalation of the Fast Ethernet standard using the same IEEE 802.3 Ethernet frame format. Gigabit Ethernet offers a throughput of 1,000 Mbps (1 Gbps). Like Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet is compatible with earlier Ethernet standards. However, the physical layer has been modified to increase data ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3140/gigabit-ethernet Fast Ethernet operates at 100 Mbps and is based on the IEEE 802.3u standard. The Ethernet cabling schemes, CSMA/CD operation, and all upper-layer protocol operations have been maintained with Fast Ethernet. Fast Ethernet is also backward compatible with 10 Mbps Ethernet. Compatibility is possible because the two devices at ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3139/fast-ethernet Ethernet is based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.3 standard and offers a bandwidth of 10 Mbps between end users. Ethernet is based on the carrier sense multiple access collision detect (CSMA/CD) technology, which requires that transmitting stations back off for a random period of ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3138/ethernet These network definitions can be divided into two types of networks, based on how information is stored on the network, how network security is handled, and how the computers on the network interact. These two types are: Peer-To-Peer (P2P) Networks and Server/Client Networks. The latter is often also called ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3137/types-of-networks A network is defined as a group of two or more computers linked together for the purpose of communicating and sharing information and other resources, such as printers and applications. Most networks are constructed around a cable connection that links the computers, however, modern wireless networks that use radio ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3136/networks The term encapsulation describes the process of putting headers and trailers around some data. A computer that needs to send data encapsulates the data in headers of the correct format so that the receiving computer will know how to interpret the received data. Data encapsulation with TCP/IP consists of ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3135/tcpip-data-encapsulation TCP/IP defines a large collection of protocols that allow computers to communicate. Table 1.1 outlines the protocols and the TCP/IP architectural layer to which they belong. TCP/IP defines the details of each of these protocols in Requests For Comments (RFC) documents. By implementing the required protocols defined in TCP/IP ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3134/the-tcpip-protocol-architecture As illustrated in Figure 1.2, the TCP/IP model consists of four layers, each of which can have several sublayers. These layers correlate roughly to layers in the OSI reference model and define similar functions. Some of the TCP/IP layers correspond directly with layers in the OSI reference model while ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3133/tcpip-and-the-osi-reference-model When a host receives a data transmission from another host on the network, that data is processed at each of the OSI layers to the next higher layer, in order to render the data transmission useful to the end-user. To facilitate this processing, headers and trailers are created by ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3132/interaction-between-osi-layers The OSI is the Open System Interconnection reference model for communications. As illustrated in Figure 1.1, the OSI reference model consists of seven layers, each of which can have several sublayers. The upper layers of the OSI reference model define functions focused on the application, while the lower three ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3130/the-osi-reference-model Point-to-point leased lines are established across synchronous point-to-point serial links. These synchronous point-to-point links include a cable from a service provider, with the service including the capability to send and receive bits across that cable at a predetermined speed. The physical connection includes a CSU/DSU on each end of ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3129/point-to-point-leased-lines When a VLAN is provided at an access layer switch, an end user must be able to gain membership to it. Two membership methods exist on Cisco Catalyst switches: static VLANs and dynamic VLANs. • Static VLANs offer port-based membership, where switch ports are assigned to specific VLANs. End ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3128/vlan-membership QUESTION 211 IS-IS Level 1 routers use LSPs for which purpose? A. to build topology database for the local area only B. to build topology database for the local and remote areas C. to build topology database for remote areas D. to build topology database for areas outside the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3127/ccnp-642-892-exam-questions-of-211-220 QUESTION 201 On router CK1 , IS-IS is configured on all Ethernet interfaces. In IS-IS, what network type identifies a LAN interface? A. broadcast B. point-to-point C. pseudo-node D. non-broadcast E. point-to-multipoint Answer: A Explanation: The types of networks that IS-IS defines include Point-to-point networks and Broadcast networks. Broadcast ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3126/ccnp-642-892-exam-questions-of-201-210 Access into and out of the virtual terminal line (vty) ports of the Cisco IOS software can also be controlled by IP access lists. IOS uses vtys to represent a user who has Telnetted to a router, as well as for Telnet sessions a user of a router has ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3125/controlling-telnet-access-with-acls A standard access list is used to match a packet and then take the directed action. Each standard ACL can match all, or only part, of the packet's source IP address. The only two actions taken when an access-list statement is matched are to either deny or permit the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3122/standard-ip-access-list-configuration Wildcard Masks IOS IP ACLs match packets by looking at the IP, TCP, and UDP headers in the packet. Standard IP access lists can also examine only the source IP address. You can configure the router to match the entire IP address or just a part of the IP ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-notes/3121/wildcard-masks About This Study Guide This Study Guide is based on the current pool of exam questions for the Cisco CCNA 640-801 composite exam. As such it provides all the information required to pass the 640-801 exam and is organized around the specific skills that are tested in that exam. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/3115/640-802-study-guide-cisco-certified-network-associate-ccna QUESTION 181 A network administrator has decided to use IS-IS instead of OSPF in the Certkiller network. Which three are benefits of IS-IS over OSPF? (Select three) A. IS-IS requires fewer neighbor relationships in a broadcast multiaccess network B. IS-IS supports more routers in an area C. IS-IS supports ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3114/ccnp-642-892-exam-questions-of-180-190 QUESTION 191 Which one of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of an IS-IS backbone? A. A router in all areas. B. All routers in one area. C. A chain of L2 and L1/L2 IS-IS routers. D. An unbroken string of L1 and LS IS-IS routers. E. A ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3112/ccnp-642-892-exam-questions-of-191-200 QUESTION 171 You need to determine the best routing protocol to be used within the Certkiller network. What are two routing protocols defined by the OSI protocol suite that operate at the network layer? (Select two) A. Routing Information Protocol B. Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System C. End System-to-End System D. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3111/ccnp-642-892-exam-questions-of-171-180 QUESTION 161 The routing table of router CK is shown below: CK#show ip routeCodes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area E1 - ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3110/ccnp-642-892-exam-questions-of-161-170 QUESTION 151 You have logged onto the console of a router running OSPF, and for your analysis log you need information on: the filters, default metric, maximum paths, and the number of areas configured. Which of the IOS commands below should you use? A. show ip protocol B. show ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3108/ccnp-642-892-exam-questions-of-150-160 QUESTION 101 What kind of OSPF Link State Advertisement (LSA) is found in a type 3 network summary link? A. Summary of routes in the AS. B. Summary of link states in an OSPF area. C. Summary of IP subnets in an OSPF area. D. Summary of metric costs ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3106/ccnp-642-892-exam-questions-of-100-150 QUESTION 51 Which one of the following commands would configure EIGRP for IP on your Cisco router? A. ip eigrp routing B. router eigrp process-id C. ip eigrp autonomous-system-number D. router eigrp autonomous-system-number E. None of the above Answer: D Explanation: Perform the following steps to configure EIGRP for ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3104/ccnp-642-892-exam-questions-of-51-100 New CCNA-certified the new title, according to the newly attended the memories of finishing out of the exam 1 wep wireless encryption algorithms, ICV RC4. 2 to the effect that two sub-networks directly connected with two RIP routes, a subnet 66host. B subnet 300host a selection of suitable netmask ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/3103/ccna-new-exam-questions QUESTION 21 In an effort to decrease the size of the routing tables in the Certkiller network, summarization is being configured on all routers. Where in an EIGRP network is it most appropriate to implement route summarization? A. At area border routers B. At autonomous system boundary routers C. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3102/ccnp-642-892-exam-questions-of-21-50 ccnp exam questions began to upload, you have to start learning, climbed to the pinnacle of cisco. QUESTION 1 Certkiller uses EIGRP as the primary routing protocol in their network. How does EIGRP advertise subnet masks for each destination network? A. EIGRP advertises a fixed length subnet mask for ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3100/ccnp-642-892-exam-questions-of-1-20 301.When implementing a 6to4 tunnel, which IPv6 address is the correct translation of the IPv4 address 192.168.99.1? A: c0a8:6301:2002::/48 B: 2002:c0a8:6301::/48 C: 2002:c0a8:6301::/8 D: 2002::/16 Correct Answers: B 302.Which two conditions can cause BGP neighbor establishment to fail? (Choose two.) A:There is an access list blocking all TCP traffic ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3099/ccnp-642-901-exam-questions-of-301-336 251.When the passive-interface command is used on a router, which two routing protocols will continue to receive routing updates on an interface that is configured as passive?(Choose two.) A:OSPF B:RIP C:RIPv2 D:EIGRP Correct Answers: B, C 252.When policy-based routing (PBR) is being configured, which three criteria can theset command ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3098/ccnp-642-901-exam-questions-of-251-300 201.Refer to the exhibit. EIGRP is enabled on all routers on the network. What additional configuration is required for the routers connected over the Frame Relay multipoint interfaces to compensate for a low-speed NBMA connection? A: Configure the EIGRP hello interval on all Frame Relay interfaces to 5 ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3097/ccnp-642-901-exam-questions-of-201-250 151.Which three statements are true about the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)?(Choose three.) A:IGMP is a multicast routing protocol that makes packet-forwarding decisions independent of other routing protocols such as EIGRP. B:IGMP is used to register individual hosts with a multicast group. C:IGMP messages are IP datagrams with a ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3094/ccnp-642-901-exam-questions-of-151-200 121.The command bgp always-compare-med is added to a router configuration. What will this command accomplish? A: forces the router to compare metrics of routes from different autonomous systems B: forces the router to compare the local preference of routes from different autonomous systems C: forces the router to compare ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3093/ccnp-642-901-exam-questions-of-121-150 101.Which three statements about the EIGRP routing protocol are true? (Choose three.) A:EIGRP sends periodic hello packets to the multicast IP address 224.0.0.9. B:EIGRP sends periodic hello packets to the multicast IP address 224.0.0.10. C:EIGRP supports five generic packet types, including hello, update, query, reply, and ACK packets. D:EIGRP ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3092/ccnp-642-901-exam-questions-of-101-120 91.Based on the exhibited output, which three statements are true? (Choose three.) A:R1 is configured with the ip summary-address command. B:The route to 10.2.0.0/16 was redistributed into EIGRP. C:R1 is configured with the variance command. D:A default route has been redistributed into the EIGRP autonomous system. E:The router ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3091/ccnp-642-901-exam-questions-of-91-100 81.Which command lists the system IDs of all known IS-IS routers? A: show clns neighbors B: show isis database C: show isis topology D: show clns neighbors detail E: show is-is neighbors detail Correct Answers: C 82.Which two statements are true about IBGP neighbor relationships? (Choose two.) A:An EGP ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3090/ccnp-642-901-exam-questions-of-81-90 71.Which two statements are true about EIGRP manual summarization? (Choose two.) A:Manual summarization is configured on a per interface basis. B:Manual summaries can be configured with the classful mask only. C:When manual summarization is configured, autosummarization is automatically disabled by default. D:The summary address is assigned an administrative distance ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3089/ccnp-642-901-exam-questions-of-71-80 61.In IPv6, the interfaces running OSPF can be configured with multiple address prefixes.Which statement is true about the IPv6 addresses that can be included into the OSPF process?" A: Specific addresses cannot be selected for importation into the OSPF process. B: Specific addresses can be selected using an ACL. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3083/ccnp-642-901-exam-questions-of-61-70 51.Given the above OSPF network, which command will RTB use to summarize routes for the 192.168.16.0/22 supernet before injecting them into Area 0? A: area 10 range 192.168.16.0 255.255.252.0 B: summary-address 192.168.16.0 255.255.252.0 C: ip summary-address ospf 101 192.168.16.0 255.255.252.0 D: area 0 range 192.168.16.0 255.255.252.0 E: ip summary-address ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3082/ccnp-642-901-exam-questions-of-51-60 41.Based on the exhibited command output, which two statements are true? (Choose two.) A:The EIGRP network is stable. B:The router at 10.1.1.3 has not replied to the R1 query packet. C:The route to 172.19.0.0/16 is undergoing recomputation. D:The route to 172.19.0.0/16 is stuck-in-active. E:R1 has sent a query ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3081/ccnp-642-901-exam-questions-of-41-50 31.What does the command clear ipv6 ospf process accomplish? A: The OSPF adjacencies are cleared and initiated again. B: The route table is cleared. Then the OSPF neighbors are reformed. C: The shortest path first (SPF) algorithm is performed on the LSA database. D: The OSPF database is repopulated. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3080/ccnp-642-901-exam-questions-of-31-40 21.Which three IP multicast address related statements are true? (Choose three.) A:Multicast addresses 224.0.0.0 through 224.0.0.255 are always forwarded because they are transmitted with Time to Live (TTL) greater than 1. B:Multicast addresses 224.0.0.5 and 224.0.0.6 are source multicast addresses for OSPF routers. C:Multicast addresses 224.0.0.13 and 224.0.0.22 are ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3079/ccnp-642-901-exam-questions-of-21-30 11.An administrator types in the command router ospf 1 and receives the error message:"OSPF process 1 cannot start." (Output is omitted.) What should be done to correctly set up OSPF? A: Ensure that an interface has been configured with an IP address. B: Ensure that an interface has been ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3078/ccnp-642-901-exam-questions-of-11-20 ccnp exam questions began to upload, you have to start learning, climbed to the pinnacle of cisco. 1.Which command should you issue first to configure EIGRP for IP? A: ip eigrp routing B: router eigrp process-id C: ip eigrp autonomous-system-number D: router eigrp autonomous-system-number Correct Answers: D 2.Which two ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/3077/the-lastest-version-of-ccnp-642-901 11.A link failure in the P4S network has caused the EIGRP routers to update their routing tables. What action does an EIGRP router take when it cannot find a feasible successor for a network? A. It examines the topology table for a next best path. B. It transitions from ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/actualtests/3076/part-of-the-642-901-exams 1.P4S uses EIGRP as the primary routing protocol in their network. How does EIGRP advertise subnet masks for each destination network? A. EIGRP advertises a fixed length subnet mask for each destination network. B. EIGRP advertises only a classful subnet mask for each destination network. C. EIGRP, like IGRP ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/actualtests/3075/just-to-collect-part-of-the-642-901-exams 642-845 ONT Optimizing Converged Cisco Networks Exam Number:642-845 Associated Certifications:CCNP Duration:90 minutes (50-60 questions) Available Languages: English, Japanese Click Here to Register:Pearson VUE Exam Policies:Read current policies and requirements Exam Tutorial:Review type of exam questions Exam Description The Optimizing Converged Cisco Networks (642-845 ONT) is a qualifying exam for ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna-ccnp-ccie-ccda-ccdp-ccde/ccnp-ccsp/3073/642-845-exam-topics 642-892 Composite Composite Exam Exam Number: 642-892 Associated Certifications: CCNP,CCDP Duration: 90minutes（50-60questions) Available Languages: English ,Japanese Click Here to Register: ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna-ccnp-ccie-ccda-ccdp-ccde/ccnp-ccsp/3070/642-892-exam-topics 642-901 BSCI Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks Exam Number: 642-901 Associated Certifications: CCNP，CCIP and CCDP Duration: 90 minutes(50-60questions) Available Languages: English ，Japanese ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna-ccnp-ccie-ccda-ccdp-ccde/ccnp-ccsp/3065/642-901-bsci-exam-topics 640-816 ICND2 Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices - Part 2 Exam Number: 640-816 ICND2 Associated Certifications: CCNA Duration: 75 minutes (40-50 questions) Available Languages: ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna-ccnp-ccie-ccda-ccdp-ccde/ccna-ccda/3064/640-816-icnd2-exam-topics CCNA Certification Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA®) validates the ability to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot medium-size route and switched networks, including implementation and verification of connections to remote sites in a WAN. CCNA curriculum includes basic mitigation of security threats, introduction to wireless networking concepts and terminology, and ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna-ccnp-ccie-ccda-ccdp-ccde/ccna-ccda/3062/640-822-icnd1-exam-topics Exam Number: 640-802 CCNA Associated Certifications: CCNA Duration: 90 Minutes (45-55 questions) Available Languages: English, Japanese, Chinese, Spanish, Russian, Korean, French, Portuguese ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna-ccnp-ccie-ccda-ccdp-ccde/ccna-ccda/3061/640-802-ccna-cisco-certified-network-associate-exam-topics Lab.16 Drag each feature on the left to the appropriate routing protocol on the right. Lab.17 Drag the connection types on the left to the appropriate type of cable used on the right. (Not all options are used.) Lab.18 Drag the description on the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-study-labs/3053/new-ccna-certification-test-lab-questions-of-16-22 11.Lab Drag the appropriate 5 steps of the boot sequence on the left to their correct slots on the right. (Not all options apply.) 12.Lab Drag the Cisco default administrative distance to the appropriate routing protocol or route. (Not all options are used.) 13.Lab Routing ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-study-labs/3051/new-ccna-certification-test-lab-questions-of-11-15 6.Lab Question #1 Answer: E Question #2 Answer: B Question #3 Answer: A 7.Lab Refer to the exhibit. PC_1 is sending packets to the FTP server. Consider the packets as they leave RouterA interface ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-study-labs/3036/new-ccna-certification-test-lab-questions-of-6-10 1.Lab Answer: Bomar(Config)#interface fa0/0 Bomar(Config-if)#ip nai inside Bomar(Config)#interface S0/0 Bomar(Config-if)#ip nat outside Bomar(Config-if)#exit Bomar(Config)#access-list 1 permit 192.168.16.33 0.0.0.15 Bomar(Config)#access-list 1 deny any Bomar(Config)#ip nat pool nat_test 198.18.237.225 198.18.237.230 prefix-length 29 Bomar(Config)#ip nat inside source list 1 pool nat_test overload 2.Lab A user is unable to connect to ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-study-labs/3035/new-ccna-certification-test-lab-questions 196．LAB The information of the question You will configure FastEthernet ports 0/12 through 0/24 for users who belong to VLAN 20. Also, all VLAN and VTP configurations are to be completed in global configuration mode as VLAN database mode is being deprecated by Cisco. You are required to ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study-labs/3030/4-experiment-of-642-892 Hope that these questions can be of great help to you, I will continue to upload a number of experiments CCNA certification exam questions. The answers of121-130:121BC 122AE 123ACF 124ACF 125BD 126BCD 127BCE 128AD 129BE 130ADF 131. Refer to the exhibit. The two connected ports on the switch are ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/3028/continued-for-more-updates My efforts to help you are my greatest joy.CCNA certification of people participating in these questions of great help to you.The answers of 111-120:111CE 112AD 113CD 114ACD 115BCD 116ACD 117BC 118BEF 119BCD 120DE 121. What are two results of entering the Switch(config)# vtp mode client command on a Catalyst ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/3026/learn-about-the-latest-version-of-ccna640-802 My efforts to help you are my greatest joy.CCNA certification of people participating in these questions of great help to you. The answers of101-110: 101AD 102BCF 103BDE 104BDE 105CE 106AD 107BCF 108BD 109BD 110ACD 111. Refer to the exhibit. Which destination addresses will Host A use to ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/3017/new-questions-of-ccna My efforts to help you are my greatest joy.CCNA certification of people participating in these questions of great help to you. The answers of 91-100:91AD 92BD 93AC 94AC 95ADF 96CE 97DF 98EF 99BDF 100DF 101. Which statements are true about EIGRP successor routes? (Choose two.) A. A successor route ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/3015/ccna-certification-title-update-continued My efforts to help you are my greatest joy.CCNA certification of people participating in these questions of great help to you. The answers of81-90:81DEF 82BCD 83BCE 84AC 85ACE 86BDE 87BE 88BCE 89ACD 90CF 91. Host 1 is trying to communicate with Host 2. The e0 interface on Router C ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/3013/i-believe-you-can-do-it There are some changes in the CCNA exam, about 10 to about emergence of new problems. We still have to insist on my homepage to learn CCNA, I also try to collect information on the new title, give us convenience. Each question is, if you find out, no matter ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/3011/there-are-some-changes-in-the-ccna-exam My efforts to help you are my greatest joy.CCNA certification of people participating in these questions of great help to you.The answers of71-80:71BCE 72ADF 73BC 74 AD 75BDF 76ACD 77AF 78BD 79BE 80AC 81. An inbound access list has been configured on a serial interface to deny packet entry ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/3009/these-new-questions-of-great-help-to-you My efforts to help you are my greatest joy.CCNA certification of people participating in these questions of great help to you. The answers of61-70:61BC 62AEF 63BE 64ACE 65ABF 66AD 67AEF 68AC 69CEF 70BCD 71. Which of the following are benefits of VLANs? (Choose three.) A. They increase the size ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/3006/the-most-recent-item-bank-of-ccna My efforts to help you are my greatest joy.CCNA certification of people participating in these questions of great help to you. The answers of51-60:51BE 52D 53ADF 54ABEF 55B 56CEF 57C 58BE 59BD 60AD 61. Which two of these statements are true of IPv6 address representation? (Choose two.) A. There ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/3004/examinations-can-test-your-ability My efforts to help you are my greatest joy.CCNA certification of people participating in these questions of great help to you. The answers of 41-50:41CE 42D 43C 44F 45B 46BE 47BD 48D 49ADE 50AE 51. What are two security appliances that can be installed in a network? (Choose two.) ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/3002/the-latest-version-of-ccna640-802-item-bank-of-questions Recent rend small state failed to timely update the topic is very sorry, I will be quick to pass up a new topic.The answers of 31-40:31BE 32AE 33ACF 34BD 35 BE 36BDE 37ADE 38BE 39B 40D 41. Switch ports operating in which two roles will forward traffic according to ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/3000/followed-by-a-new-topic My efforts to help you are my greatest joy.CCNA certification of people participating in these questions of great help to you.I will update as soon as the subject so that you can quickly grasp of these topics. The answers of 21-30:21BE 22BE 23CE 24A 25D 26D 27AE 28BC 29CF ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2997/these-new-ccna-640-802-questions-of-great-help-to-you To persevere unremittingly. The answers of 11-20:11D 12CE 13DE 14ACF 15AF 16C 17B 18DE 19CF 20AE. 21. As a frame leaves a Layer 3 device, the Layer 2 encapsulation information is changed from what it was when it entered the device. For what two reasons can this happen? (Choose ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2995/to-persevere-unremittingly If you have comments or suggestions please let me know. The answers of 1-10:1 AD 2A 3A 4BD 5ACD 6D 7C 8DF 9BC 10ABD.How well you do, followed by a new topic. 11. Refer to the exhibit. From RouterA, a network administrator is able to ping the serial interface ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2994/the-latest-version-of-ccna-640-802-of-11-20 Starting today, I took everyone together to learn about the latest version of CCNA640-802 item bank of questions. Published 10 questions per day, the answer is published and released the next day, a new title, so that you remember these questions every day, I believe you can do it. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2992/follow-me-do-with-the-latest-version-of-ccna-640-802-questions Cisco SDM is a web-based configuration tool that allows you to configure LAN and WAN interfaces, routing, Network Admission Control (NAC), Network Address Translation (NAT), firewalls, Intrusion Prevention System (IPS), Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), and other features on the router. Cisco SDM 2.1 and later versions can be installed on ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/simulator/2969/cisco-sdm-v25-free-download This topology contains 3 routers and 1 switch. Complete the topology. Drag the appropriate device icons to the labeled Device Drag the appropriate connections to the locations labeled Connections. Drag the appropriate IP addresses to the locations labeled IP address (Hint: use the given host addresses and Main router information) To remove a device or ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2967/ccna-implementation-sim Table of Contents Volume 1 Course Introduction 1 Configuring Catalyst Switch Operations 1-1 Introducing Basic Layer 2 Switching and Bridging Functions 1-3 Identifying Problems that Occur in Redundant Switched Topologies 1-15 Introducing Spanning Tree Protocol 1-25 Configuring a Catalyst Switch 1-41 Extending Switched Networks with Virtual LANs 2-1 Introducing VLAN Operations 2-3 Configuring VLANs 2-21 Determining IP Routes 3-1 Introducing Routing 3-3 Introducing ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccent/2965/icnd-v23-study-guide-free-download Overview This guide presents the instructions and other information concerning the activities for this course. You can find the solutions in the activity Answer Key. Outline This guide includes these activities: Lab 1-1: Cisco Remote Lab Connection Lab 1-2: Configuring the Switch Lab 2-1: Configuring a Switch for Extended Functionality Lab 3-1: Determining IP Routes with RIP Lab ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccent/2963/icnd-v23-lab-guide-free-download If you are preparing for the CCNA exam, I believe that the Testinside 640-802 Practice Exam will give you great help. Testinside Preparation Material for Exam 640-802 provides you everything necessary to pass this Exam. The material is written by experienced professional experts. No matter what questions you get from ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2960/latest-testinside-640-802-practice-exam-free-download In preparation for the launch of Packet Tracer version 5.2, we are looking for instructors who will help us test this new version. We have added several new features and protocols, especially in the areas of security and QoS. We are asking instructors who would like to participate in this beta ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2957/packet-tracer-52-beta-free-download About this Mega Guide: PrepLogic's CCNA (640-802) Mega Guide contains all the information you need to know to pass Cisco's CCNA Exam and features 27 practice questions. Topics covered by our exam guide include: Frame Relay Connections, Extending Switched Networks with VLANS, Point-to-Point Connections, Wireless LANs, IPv6 Address Format, and more. Skills ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2955/cisco-ccna-640-802-mega-guide-free-download Step 1: Configure IP address for each router and use the ping command to identify whether the directly connected interfaces can ping each other. Step 2: Configure the static route on R1 to the loopback interface on R2 R1(config)#ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2 R1(config)#ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.2 Step 3: analyze and examine the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2952/float-static-routing (Updated from real CCNA exam on 19-Feb-2009) Refer to the exhibit. Using the information shown, answer the question Question 1: All hosts in the networks have been operational for several hours when the DHCP server goes down. What happens to the hosts that have obtained service from the DHCP server? A - The hosts ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2946/dhcp-group-of-four-questions (Updated from real CCNA exam on 07-March-2009) Question: An administrator is trying to ping and telnet from Switch to Router with the results shown below: Switch> Switch> ping 10.4.4.3 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.4.4.3,timeout is 2 seconds: .U.U.U. Success rate is 0 percent (0/5) Switch> Switch> telnet 10.4.4.3 Trying 10.4.4.3 ... % Destination unreachable; gateway ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2943/ccna-access-list-sim Topic 1 - Describe how a network works (56 Questions) Describe the purpose and functions of various network devices Select the components required to meet a network specification Use the OSI and TCP/IP models and their associated protocols to explain how data flows in a network Describe common networked applications including web applications Describe the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2941/ccna-640-802-p4s-v758-2 LAB: EIGRP Question# After adding RTR_2 router, no routing updates are being exchanged between RTR_1 and the new location. All other inter connectivity and internet access for th e existing locations of the company are working properly. The task is to identify the fault(s) and correct the router configuration to provide full connectivity ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2913/ccna-640-802-analysis-of-eigrp-lab-actual-test The general flowchart of the configuration: Configuration: version 12.3 hostname 26_2 ! enable secret 5 $1$nGGG$pyIANu7.xaKKQXVPqq.Dh1 ! ! Define the local database username cisco password 0 cisco ! ! Enable AAA aaa new-model ! -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ! The configuration of Xauth aaa authentication login vpn-authen local crypto isakmp xauth timeout 20 crypto map cisco client authentication list vpn-authen ! -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ! The configuration of Group Policy aaa authorization network vpn-author local ip ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/security/2910/the-configuration-of-cisco-remote-access-vpn-easy-vpn Introduction This book provides a complete guide to the SSL VPN technology and discusses its implementation on Cisco SSL VPN-capable devices. Design guidance is provided to assist you in implementing SSL VPNs in an existing network infrastructure. This includes examining existing hardware and software to determine whether they are SSL ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/2906/cisco-press-2008-ssl-remote-access-vpns-free-download HUB Router Configuration r1#sh ru hostname r1 ! crypto isakmp policy 10 encr 3des authentication pre-share group 2 crypto isakmp key cisco1234 address 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 ! crypto ipsec transform-set ccie esp-3des esp-sha-hmac mode transport ! crypto ipsec profile cisco set transform-set ccie ! interface Tunnel0 ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 no ip redirects no ip next-hop-self eigrp 100 ip nhrp authentication cisco ip nhrp map multicast dynamic ip nhrp network-id 10000 no ip split-horizon ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/security/2903/the-configuration-of-dmvpn The basic interface configuration: pix(config)#interface eth0 auto pix(config)#interface eth1 auto pix(config)#nameif eth0 outside security0 pix(config)#nameif eth1 inside security100 pix(config)#ip address outside 218.1.1.2 255.255.255.0 pix(config)#ip address inside 10.100.1.1 255.255.255.0 Configure default route: pix(config)#route outside 0 0 218.1.1.1 Regulate the non-nat flow and the IPSec-protected flow: pix(config)# access-l nonat permit ip 10.100.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 Configure nat0: pix(config)# nat (inside) 0 access-l nonat Permit to ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/security/2901/remote-access-vpn-with-pix%ef%bc%88pptp%ef%bc%89 【Lab Topology】 【Lab Object】 Technical characteristics: 1. Achieve VPN redundance by using Cisco HSRP technology. 2. Be able to achieve VPN rapid switching. 3. The connected client is transparent, the client needs to be connected to HRSP address. 【Lab Process】 1. Initial： ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 e0 2. Redun_1: ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 e0/0 interface e0/0 ip add 172.168.100.100 255.255.255.0 standby 1 ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/security/2898/redundancy-vpn 【Lab Topology】 【Lab Object】 Technical characteristics: 1. Cisco provides a VPN resolution between multiple sites. 2. For common VPN, a client site communicates with other sites through central site or establishing a full mesh VPN network. 3. The first method wastes a lot of bandwidth of the central site. The second method makes configuration more ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/security/2895/dmvpn 【Lab Topology】 【Lab Process】 Continue Lab3 to configure 1. URLFiltering： GW(config)#ip inspect name CBAC http java-list 2 urlfilter GW(config)#ip urlfilter audit-trail GW(config)#ip urlfilter server vendor websense 192.168.1.241 2. There are two types of vendors: websense and N2H2 GW(config)#ip urlfilter exclusive-domain permit www.pass4sure.com GW(config)#ip urlfilter exclusive-domain deny www.cisco.com 3. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/security/2791/port-to-application-mapping-url-filtering 【Lab Topology】 【Lab Object】 Technical characteristics: 1. Traffic filtering CBAC checks not only the information of the network layer and the transport layer but also the information of the application layer. It can also filter the http traffic and block java plug-in 2. Traffic monitoring CBAC monitors the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/security/2788/context-based-access-control How This Book Is Organized This book is organized into five sections that cover the basic introduction of firewalls, initial and advanced configurations, design guides and configuration examples, and features and functionality introduced in FWSM version 4.x code: • Chapter 1, "Types of Firewalls": This chapter explains the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/security/2780/cisco-secure-firewall-services-module-fwsm-2009-free-download Table of Contents Topic 1, DESCRIBE HOW A NETWORK WORKS (95 questions) 6 Section 1: Describe the purpose and functions of various network devices (10 questions6) 6 Section 2: Select the components required to meet a network specification (5 question1s3) 13 Section 3: Use the OSI and TCP/IP models ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/2737/testking-640-802-qa-with-explanations-free-download Acknowledgments A great number of people go into publishing a work like this, and I would like to take this space to thank everyone who was involved with this project. Thanks to the ICND course developers. Most of this book is the product of their hard work. Thanks ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/2735/interconnecting-cisco-network-devicespart2-icnd2-free-download What Does This Book Cover? This book covers everything you need to know in order to pass the ICND 1 exam. However, taking the time to study and practice with routers or a router simulator is the real key to success. This book's chapters cover all the CCENT objectives: ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/2731/sybex-640-822-ccent-study-guide2008-free-download Experimental objective: Validate the functions of the command eigrp stub in hub-spoke link, as well as the differences after adding different parameters. Initial configuration: R1 interface Ethernet0/0 ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 ! interface Serial2/0 ip address 13.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 serial restart-delay 0 ! router eigrp 100 network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 network ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/igp-routing/2728/the-study-of-the-command-eigrp-stub-and-the-parameters IP telephone network design * For the IP phone components (such as cisco IP phone, cisco CallManager, Cisco IP Softphone Client, IP Gateway, etc.) to achieve Qos classification, marking and congestion management. Qos to VoIP traffic is set to high priority, and giving priority to high-priority transmission queue of ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-voice-ccna/2721/cisco-switch-voice-vlan-configure-note Topic 1 - Describe how a network works (56 Questions) Describe the purpose and functions of various network devices Select the components required to meet a network specification Use the OSI and TCP/IP models and their associated protocols to explain how data flows in a network Describe common networked ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2560/ccna-640-802-p4s-v758-update-4-july-09 How This Book Is Organized This book is designed to be flexible and allow you to easily move between chapters to focus on topics of interest to you. However, if you do intend to read every chapter, the order in the book is an excellent sequence to use because ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/2558/cisco-voice-gateways-and-gatekeepers-free-download On June 24th, 2009, Learning@Cisco will implement program changes to the CCNA Voice certification. There will now be two options available for candidates wishing to achieve their CCNA Voice certification: A commercial option and an enterprise option. The new CCNA Voice Certification enterprise option assesses skills/knowledge related to the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-voice-ccna/2554/cisco-introduces-new-certification-option-for-ccna-voice-candidates It is important as a CCNA Voice candidate to understand the various codecs that are supported by Cisco IP phones and the bandwidth that they each use. Various codecs are supported on Cisco IP Phones including: * G711 * G729 * G729a * iLBC G711 G711 provides toll quality ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-voice-ccna/2556/ccna-voice-codecs-explained-g711-g729-ilbc 1. Which two features can be implemented using the Cisco SDM Advanced Firewall wizard? (Choose two.) A. DMZ support B. custom rules C. firewall signatures D. application security E. IP unicast reverse path forwarding Answer: AB 2. What three classifications reflect the different approaches used to identify malicious traffic? ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/iscw/2417/ccnp-642-825-updatejune-2009-new-questions CCNP Video Mentor is a is a DVD-ROM software product. The enclosed DVD contain a series of succinct instructional videos that demonstrate how to accomplish various CCNP-level configuration tasks on Cisco routers and switches. The 16 videos contained in this product total over 5 hours of instruction. In each ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/2414/free-video-%e2%80%93-cisco-pressccnp-video-mentor-video-learning CCNA Video Mentor is a unique video product that provides you with more than two hours of personal visual instruction from best-selling author and instructor Wendell Odom. In the 12 videos presented on the CD-ROM, Wendell walks you through common Cisco router and switch configuration topics. Designed to develop ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2413/free-video-%e2%80%93-cisco-press-ccna-video-mentorexam-640-802video-learning-2nd-edition How This Book Is Organized Although this book could be read cover-to-cover, it is designed to be flexible and allow you to easily move between chapters and sections of chapters to cover just the material that you need more work with. This book is organized into five ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/2411/cisco-frame-relay-solutions-guide-free-download How the Book Is Organized This book is organized almost as if it were a novel, intended to be read the first time cover to cover. This is not saying that you cannot jump right to a particular chapter of interest, far from it; I encourage you to read ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/2409/cisco-press-lan-switching-first-step-free-download Troubleshooting Overview Internetworks come in a variety of topologies and levels of complexity-from single-protocol, point-to-point links connecting cross-town campuses, to highly meshed, large-scale wide-area networks (WANs) traversing multiple time zones and international boundaries. The industry trend is toward increasingly complex environments, involving multiple media types, multiple protocols, and often ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/2406/cisco-press-internetworking-troubleshooting-handbook-free-download 【Lab Objectives】 You have just been hired by pass4sure.com to help their main office expand. The main offices have enhanced their wiring closets with some Layer 3 switches. The new distribution layer switch has been installed and a new access layer switch cabled next to it. Your task is ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/switching-ccna/2404/example-analysis 【Lab Objectives】 Keep the following restrictions in mind when configuring PVLANs correctly: • PVLAN trunk ports support only IEEE 802.1q encapsulation. • Community VLANs are not supported in this release. • You cannot change the VTP mode to client or server for PVLANs. • An isolated or community VLAN ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/switching-ccna/2401/configuring-pvlan 【Lab Objective】 1. Familiar and complete the configuration of vlan access control list to control communications in Vlan. 【Lab Topology】 Lab topology instructions: Use tow routers to simulate hosts and put them into the same VLAN, the requirements: P4S-R1 can ping P4S-SW1 and P4S-R2 successfully, while P4S-SW1 and ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/switching-ccna/2400/configuration-of-vacl 【Lab Objective】 1. Master the configuration of Layer3 redundancy with VRRP for gateways 【Lab Topology】 【Lab Steps and Requirements】 1. This lab can be completed by using Layer3 switches or routers, if using routers, you should examine the IOS version to make sure that it supports HSRP protocol. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/2397/configuring-layer-3-redundancy-with-vrrp 【Lab Objectives】 1. Understand the working principles of HSRP. 2. Master the HSRP configuration methods. 3. Understand the standby and track functions of HSRP. 【Lab Topology】 【Lab Steps and Requirements】 1. This lab can be completed by using Layer3 switches or routers, if using routers, you should examine the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/2395/configuring-layer-3-redundancy-with-hsrp 【Lab Objectives】 1. Master the configuration methods of the Cisco-proprietary link aggregation protocol of PAgP. 2. Master the differences between the Layer2 PAgP configuration and the Layer3 PAgP configuration. 3. PAgP is a Cisco-proprietary link aggregation protocol. 【Lab Topology】 【Lab Steps and Requirements】 1. This lab uses two ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/switching-ccna/2387/configuring-l2-l3-etherchannel-with-pagp 【Lab Objectives】 1. Master the VTP configuration methods. 2. Master the routing configuration methods between VLANs and the sub-interface configurations. 【Lab Topology】 【Lab steps and requirements】 1. Configure P4S-PC1、P4S-PC2 and P4S-PC3 to be used as simulation hosts, the configuration is as follows P4S-PC1(config)#no ip routing---------------------------Close routing functions. P4S-PC1(config)# P4S-PC1(config)#ip ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/switching-ccna/2385/routing-between-vlans-and-vtp-protocol 【Lab Objectives】 1. Master the 802.1x Port-Based configuration methods. 2. Master Cisco TACACS+Authentication Server configuration 【Lab Topology】 【Lab Steps and Requirements】 1. We recommend you to use j2re-1_4_2_10-windows-i586-p.exe to install Java environment of ASC server. 2. This lab uses Cisco secure ACS 4.0 to install ASC software. 3. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/switching-ccna/2383/configuring-8021x-port-based-authentication Lab Objectives: 1. When the local export router has a number of outward self-government system link, it needs to apply the weight attributes which can decide the data flow to outflow of the local self-government system from which exit link of the local route. 2. Weight attribute is the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/bgp/2379/configuring-bgp-weight Lab Objectives: 1. To understand how the BGP attributes to impact the data flow of other self-government system to flow into the local self-government system. 2. To master the MED configuration methods on base of route-map. Lab Topology Exhibit: Lab Process and Requirements: 1. Configure the router's IP address, ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/bgp/2377/configuring-bgp-multi-exit-discriminator Lab Objectives: 1. To master the concept of local properties and configuration optimization methods of BGP. 2. Local selection of properties for the default value is 100; the higher value of the path will be the preferred option. 3. Local priority properties, decided best path to leave this self-government ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/bgp/2375/configuring-bgp-local-preference Lab Objectives: 1. To master the authentication configuration of peer of BGP for MD5. Lab Topology: Lab Process and Requirements: 1. Configure the router's IP address, and use the command Ping to confirm the connect's interoperability of each router. 2. To configure the BGP protocols of P4S-R1 and P4S-R2. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/bgp/2373/bgp-neighbor-authentication Lab Objectives: 1. To master the summary configuration methods which points to the static routing of interface NULL0. 2. To master the summary configuration methods by using aggregation-property route. Lab Topology: Lab Process and Requirements: 1. Configure the router's IP address, and use the command Ping to confirm ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/bgp/2371/configuring-bgp-summarization Lab Objectives: 1. To master the configuration methods which established on the basis of loopback of BGP neighbor relationship. 2. To understand the objective of using loopback. Lab Topology: Lab Process and Requirements: 1. Configure the router's IP address, and use the command Ping to confirm the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/bgp/2369/configuring-bgp-using-loopback-addresses New Version Offers Multiuser Capabilities for Social Learning Packet Tracer 5.1 is the latest version of Cisco Networking Academy's comprehensive networking technology teaching and learning software. Innovative features of Packet Tracer 5.1, including powerful simulation, visualization, authoring, assessment, and collaboration capabilities, will help students and teachers collaborate, solve problems, ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2367/packet-tracer-51-free-download Users of Packet Tracer 3.2 and 4.0 will note a variety of new features in Packet Tracer 5.0. Protocol Improvements Packet Tracer 5.0 models protocols not included in earlier versions. These protocols include models of IPv6 Routing, IPv6 and IPv4 Dual Stack, IPv6 ND, IPv6 Routing Protocols, DHCPv6, NATv6, ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2363/packet-tracer-50-full-version CCIE LAB N6 R1 configuration R1 configure: r1# r1#show run Building configuration... Current configuration : 3115 bytes ! version 12.3 service timestamps debug datetime msec service timestamps log datetime msec no service password-encryption ! hostname r1 ! boot-start-marker boot-end-marker ! ! memory-size iomem 5 no aaa new-model ip ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-rs/2360/ccie-lab-n6-configure-details Lab Objectives: 1. To master the basic configuration methods of BGP. 2. To master how to view the variety of BGP configuration information. Lab Topology: Lab Process and Requirements: 1. Configure the router's IP address, and use the command Ping to confirm the connect's interoperability of each router. 2. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/bgp/2359/configuring-basic-bgp 【Lab Objectives】 1. To master the re-release configuration of OSPF and RIP. 2. To master the E1 and E2 types of route to OSPF. 【Lab Topology】 【Lab Process and Requirements】 1. Configure the router's IP address, and use the Ping command to confirm the connect's interoperability of each ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/2357/redistributing-into-rip-and-ospf Lab objectives: 1. Learn functions of type1, type2, type3, type4, type5, and type7 LSA in Totally Stub Area. 2. Learn features of NSSA Area and NSSA Totally Stub Area 3. Learn the two area configuration methods Note: Totally NSSA is CISCO private. Lab Topology: Lab steps and ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/2355/configuring-ospf-nssa-area-and-nssa-totally-stub Lab Objectives: 1. To master the principle of OSPF virtual link and when to use virtual links. 2. To master the methods to configure the OSPF virtual link. Lab Topology: Lab Process and Requirements: 1. Configure the router's IP address, and use the Ping command to confirm the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/2353/configuring-ospf-virtual-link Lab objectives: 1. Learn the two configuration method of manual and auto setup of OSPF neighbor relations in NBMA network 2. Learn how to specify OSPF interface priority, and how to avoid DR selection error by changing OSPF default interface network type. Lab Topology: Lab steps and requirements: ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/2351/configuring-ospf-in-nbma Lab objectives: 1. Learn balance conditions of EIGRP unequal-cost 2. Learn how to change EIGRP metric value 3. Learn EIGRP AD, FD, FC, Successor, and FS Lab Topology: Lab steps and requirements: 1. Configure IP addresses of every router, and use ping command to confirm the direct interface ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/2349/configuring-eigrp-unequal-cost-paths Lab objective: Learn to configure EIGRP default network through ip default-network Lab Topology: Lab steps and requirements: 1. Configure IP addresses of every router, and use Ping command to confirm the direct interface connectivity of every router. 2. Configure P4S-R3 to simulate external network, or imagine that it ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/2347/configuring-default-network-eigrp The following list is a compilation of recommended reading to assist in the preparation for the Lab exam. It is not required to read all of the books on this list. Books This page lists books on topics appearing on the CCIE exam blueprints. These books are not required ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-wireless/2344/ccie-wireless-lab-exam-reading-list The following list is a compilation of recommended reading to assist in the preparation for the written exam. It is not required to read all of the books on this list. Books This page lists books on topics appearing on the CCIE exam blueprints. These books are not required ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-wireless/2341/ccie-wireless-written-exam-reading-list Lab objectives: 1. Learn basic configurations of EIGRP 2. Learn the configuration method of EIGRP wildcard mask 3. Learn auto summary and auto summary turnoff features of EIGRP 4. Learn manual summary of EIGRP Lab Topology: Lab steps and requirements: 1. Configure IP addresses of every router, ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2339/configuring-basic-eigrp Introduction The use of parallel T1 or E1 links provides higher aggregate bandwidth connections between routers where an upgrade to a high bandwidth DS3 or E3 link is not feasible due to cost, usage patterns or availability. It is also an approach that scales well as links can be ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/2336/load-balancing-with-cisco-express-forwarding Introduction Policy-based routing provides a tool for forwarding and routing data packets based on policies defined by network administrators. In effect, it is a way to have the policy override routing protocol decisions. Policy-based routing includes a mechanism for selectively applying policies based on access list, packet size or ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/2334/understanding-policy-routing The Need to Define Routing Policy In today's high performance internetworks, organizations need the freedom to implement packet forwarding and routing according to their own defined policies in a way that goes beyond traditional routing protocol concerns. Where administrative issues dictate that traffic be routed through specific paths, policy-based ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/2332/policy-based-routing In a complex network, where there are multiple paths for data to travel, it is often desirable to control the route the packets will take through the network. Route maps are often used to enhance the predictability of data flows in a complex environment. In this week's newsletter I ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/2329/using-route-maps-for-policy-based-routing In studying for your CCNA exam and preparing to earn this valuable certification, you may be tempted to spend little time studying static routing and head right for the more exciting dynamic routing protocols like RIP, EIGRP, and OSPF. This is an understandable mistake, but still a mistake. Static ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2327/cisco-static-routing-tutorial Since Cisco Certifications are always hot and the Cisco CCNA is the most popular from all, I decided to start a series of articles regarding important topics that you need to be prepared for passing the CCNA 640-802 composite exam. These topics will be also useful for people taking ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2325/ccna-640-802-prep-understanding-ip-network-addressing Question:At my work, we have multiple networks set up across the world and I was looking over a listing of how our networks are subnetted. Here's an example of how we're set up on one of our networks: Subnet id of 150.100.204.96 Range of .97 - .110 Broadcast of ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2323/subnetting-beyond-ccna Just like a Windows or Linux operating system, the Cisco IOS has its own list of commands to manipulate files, very similar to DOS/Windows commands. These files could be your IOS router operating system, configuration file, or other type of IOS file. Knowing these file commands is a critical ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2321/the-10-cisco-ios-router-file-management-commands-you-must-know Lab Tips: NAT enables network administrators to use private IP addresses in its LAN and to access the Internet by using a globally routable IP address. Different user groups can use different address pools. This makes managing connectivity easy and solves the overcrowding problem in the IPv4 address space. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2319/nat-translation Lab Requirements: 1. The router names are p4s1 and p4s2. 2. The S1/1 interface of p4s1 is connected to that of p4s2. The S1/1 interface of p4s2 is the DCE end. 3. Use the ping command on p4s1 to test the connectivity to p4s2 and access p4s2 from ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2317/use-extended-acl-to-block-ping-command Lab requirements: The following exhibit shows the configuration of the router pass4sure1. This lab mainly examines whether you master the Frame-relay technology skillfully. On the basis of the following information provided in the exhibit, study the problems displayed in the "lab objectives" according to the Lab topology. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2314/lab-analysis Lab Requirements: 1. The router names are p4s1 and p4s2. 2. Set the privilege password and the vty line password on p4s2. 3. Telnet from p4s1 to p4s2. 4. View other users that telneted to p4s2. Lab Process: The configurations of p4s2 are as follows: p4s2(config)#enable ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2310/configure-telnet-remote-access Lab Requirements: 1. The router name is pass4sure. The console port of the router is connected to the com port of the PC through a reverse cable. 2. Set the password of the router to ccna and save the settings. 3. Restart the router and decrypt the password. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2308/revert-router-password Lab Requirements: 1. Router name: P4S1,P4S2,P4S3 2. Set password to cisco, secret to cisco1, and vty to cisco. All the passwords are required to be encrypted. 3. Configure all these routers. Lab Process: Configure Router 1. Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config)#hostname P4S1 set router name P4S1(config)#enable password ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2307/cdp-command-operations Whether you are troubleshooting a difficult problem or chasing some interesting traffic, sometimes you need to pull a packet capture. Of course, you could configure and deploy a sniffer, but that is not the only solution you have at your fingertips. You can pull the packet capture directly from ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/2305/easy-packet-captures-straight-from-the-cisco-asa-firewall Clientless SSL VPN remote access has its pluses and minuses. I've found it to be more complicated to set up and customize than remote access using the VPN client. However, with a bit of patience, you'll find it's actually quite flexible and provides a way to offer users access ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/2303/clientless-ssl-vpn-remote-access-set-up-guide-for-the-cisco-asa Introduction Welcome to the exciting world of Cisco certification! You have picked up this book because you want something better; namely, a better job with more satisfaction. Rest assured that you have made a good decision. Cisco certification can help you get your first networking job, or more money ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/2300/ccna-study-guide-third-edition2002-free-download To Our Valued Readers: Thank you for looking to Sybex for your CCNA exam prep needs. We at Sybex are proud of our reputation for providing certification candidates with the practical knowledge and skills needed to succeed in the highly competitive IT marketplace. This new edition of the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/2297/ccna-icnd-sg-5th-free-download-640-801640-802 Introduction Cisco's Cisco Certified Network Administrator (CCNA) certification provides a way to distinguish those brilliant and talented enough to become Cisco administrators from those who just might be, umm-well, better suited to another occupation. It's basically Cisco's version of separating the wheat from the chaff. The main reason ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/2295/ccna-fast-pass-640-802640-801icnd-free-download Praise for Richard Deal's CCNA Study Guide As a CCIE and instructor, I can personally assure you that the importance of learning the fundamentals cannot be stressed enough. I have instructed certification candidates who were preparing for every level of Cisco certification, from CCNA up to CCIE. Those individuals ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/2293/cisco-certified-network-associate-study-guide-640-802-free-download Acknowledgments A great number of people go into publishing a work like this, and I would like to take this space to thank everyone who was involved with this project. Thanks to the ICND course developers. Most of this book is the product of their hard work. Thanks to ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/2291/icndcisco-press-authorized-self-study-guide-interconnecting-cisco-network-devices-2nd-free-download Introduction Voice over IP (VoIP) is no longer an interesting sidebar technology; it is a fact of day-to-day life for millions of people,some of whom are not even aware they are using it. Cisco has aggressively pursued the development and deployment of its Unified Communications suite of products ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/2289/ccna-voice-quick-refence-sheet-version-1-free-download Acknowledgments Jeremy D. Cioara: Many thanks to Brett Bartow for all he does in organizing this project. Brett, you're a stud; thanks for your patience and "gentle reminders" that chapters are missing. Thanks also to Dayna Isley…actually, you readers should be thanking her; without her, this book would be ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/2287/ccna-voice-exam-certification-guide-free-download Acknowledgments The team that helped produce this book has simply been awesome. Everyone who has touched the book has made it better, and the team has been particularly great at helping catch the errors that always creep into the manuscript. Both Teri and Steve did great jobs as technical ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/2285/ccna-icnd2-official-exam-certification-guide-2nd-free-download Acknowledgments From Michael Watkins: I want to thank the team at Cisco Press for their direction and support throughout the writing process. For their support and encouragement throughout this process, I wish to thank and acknowledge Tom Warrick and the instructor team at SkillSoft. I also wish to ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/2283/ccna-640-553-security-official-exam-certification-guide2008pdf About the Technical Reviewers Teri Cook (CCSI, CCDP, CCNP, CCDA, CCNA, MCT, and MCSE 2000/2003: Security) has more than ten years of experience in the IT industry. She has worked with different types of organizations in the private business and DoD sectors, providing senior-level network and security technical ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/2278/ccentccna-icnd1-official-exam-certification-guide-2nd-free-download CCNA Portable Command Guide, Second Edition Scott Empson Copyright© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. Published by: Cisco Press 800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, IN 46240 USA All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/2277/cisco-press-ccna-portable-command-guide-2nd-free-download Preface The examples usedin this book are taken from my own experiences, as well as from the experiences of those with or for whom I have hadthe pleasure of working. Of course, for obvious legal andhonorable reasons, the exact details andany information that might reveal the identities of the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/2276/oreilly-network-warrior-2007-free-download My dear friends: Thank you for looking to Sybex for your CCNA exam prep needs. We at Sybex are proud of our reputation for providing certification candidates with the practical knowledge and skills needed to succeed in the highly competitive IT marketplace. This latest edition of the best-selling CCNA: ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-ebook/2271/sybex-ccna-study-guide-640-802-6th-edition-free-download Today I've hang my first CCIE's preparation lab, this is a quite basic lab about OSPF, RIP and GRE tunnels, all lab it is made using routers Cisco 2691. All routers are running OSPF in area 0 but link between R0 and R4, who are in area 1, ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-rs/2268/ccie-lab-ospfripgre Prerequisites Requirements There are no specific requirements for this document. Components Used This document is not restricted to specific software and hardware versions. The information presented in this document was created from devices in a specific lab environment. All of the devices used in this document started with a ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/bgp/2266/bgp-case-studies Introduction This document discusses the removal of the private autonomous system numbers in BGP. Prerequisites Requirements There are no specific requirements for this document. Components Used This document is not restricted to specific software and hardware versions. Conventions For more information on document conventions, refer to the Cisco Technical ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/2264/removing-private-autonomous-system-numbers-in-bgp Introduction This document contains frequently asked questions (FAQs) about Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). Q. How do I configure BGP? A. Refer to these documents for information on how to configure BGP and BGP functioning: * Configuring BGP * BGP Case Studies Q. How do I configure BGP with the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/2262/cisco-bgp-technical-tips Introduction This Tech Note describes a scalable ISDN backup strategy for large OSPF networks. Previously, it was necessary to dedicate one ISDN interface on a OSPF area border router (ABR) for each area that required backing up. This meant if you had 50 OSPF areas that needed backing up, ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/2260/scalable-isdn-backup-strategy-for-large-ospf-networks Introduction The way that Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) generates and advertises default routes (0.0.0.0) varies depending on the type of area the default route is being injected into. In this document, we cover normal areas, stub/totally stub areas and not-so-stubby areas (NSSAs). Before You Begin Conventions For more ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/2258/how-does-ospf-generate-default-routes Introduction On non-broadcast media such as Frame Relay, X.25, ATM, and Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS), OSPF can run in two modes: * NBMA: simulates a broadcast model by electing a designated router (DR) and a backup designated router (BDR). There are two ways to simulate a broadcast model ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/2256/initial-configurations-for-ospf-over-non-broadcast-links Introduction When OSPF adjacency is formed, a router goes through several state changes before it becomes fully adjacent with its neighbor. Those states are defined in the OSPF RFC 2328 , section 10.1. The states are Down, Attempt, Init, 2-Way, Exstart, Exchange, Loading, and Full. This document describes each ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/2254/ospf-neighbor-states Introduction This Tech Note explains an issue with the formation of OSPF adjacency when the dialer interfaces are configured as point-to-point links. Prerequisites Requirements There are no specific requirements for this document. Components Used This document is not restricted to specific software and hardware versions. Conventions For more information ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/2252/why-doesnt-ospf-form-adjacency-on-a-pri-bri-or-dialer-interface Introduction This Tech Note explains an issue of OSPF routes appearing in the Link State database but not in the routing table in a fully meshed Frame Relay environment. For more scenarios, see Why Are Some OSPF Routes in the Database but Not the Routing Table? Prerequisites Requirements Readers ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/2250/why-do-routes-appear-in-the-ospf-database-but-not-in-the-routing Introduction This guide shows sample configurations of Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) in different network environments. Specifically, the purpose of this guide is to examine the OSPF database in various environments. The examples fall into the following categories: * Network Types * Multiple Area and Types of Areas * ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/2248/cisco-ospf-database-guide Introduction All areas in an Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) autonomous system must physically connect to the backbone area (area 0). However, in cases where this physical connection is not possible, you can use a virtual link to connect to the backbone through a nonbackbone area. You can also ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/2246/cisco-ospf-with-virtual-link-authentication 4 Router Lab Configuring a Multi-area IS-IS Network Equipment Needed (per POD): * 1 router with 1 serials ports and 1Ethernet port * 1 router with 2 serial ports and 1 Ethernet port * 1 router with 3 serial ports * Cisco IOS 10.0. or higher * ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/2244/four-router-is-is-lab Wireless Communications (IEEE 802.11 standards, Wi-Fi) Another new concept on the CCNA exam is the wireless network. The IEEE 802.11 standard also known as Wi-Fi, specifies the standards for communication between your wireless devices. Since this is the future, you know Cisco will be increasing this topic on the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2242/ccna-wireless-notes Access Lists Access lists are one of the more difficult concepts to master for your Cisco CCNA exam. It is hard to simulate the different types of scenarios that may be covered on your Cisco CCNA exam in a lab so you can really get a handle on access ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2238/ccna-access-list-notes Virtual LANs If you have a 24 port Cisco switch and you plug a PC into each port of the Cisco switch, you have all 24 PCs on a single LAN via that Cisco switch. A VLAN is a Virtual LAN. Now if you still connect all 24 of ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2236/ccna-vlan-notes LAN Switching Layer 2 Switching Approximately 20% of your Cisco CCNA exam will be dedicated to Switching. You want to make sure you are well versed in the various terms which will undoubtedly appear on your CCNA exam so you are not caught off guard. Below we will cover ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2234/ccna-switching-notes Routing Below we are going to review at a high level various routing protocols that will run on your Cisco routers. Routing is at the core of what you are learning for your Cisco CCNA exam and if you don't understand how a Cisco router routes, well you have ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2232/ccna-routing-notes Ethernet Ethernet is the most common LAN technology in use today. Your Cisco CCNA exam will cover various concepts about Ethernet so we must make sure you are well versed in various Ethernet concepts to pass your Cisco CCNA exam. Ethernet was pioneered by Digital, Intel, and Xerox in ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2230/ccna-ethernet-notes Assembling and Cabling Cisco Devices LAN Specifications and Connections The term Ethernet encompasses several LAN implementations. Physical layer implementations vary, and all support various cabling structures. There are three main categories: # Ethernet and IEEE 802.3 - Operate at 10 Mbps over coaxial cable, UTP, or fiber. # 100 ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2228/lan-and-wan-cabling-for-cisco-devices CCNA / CCNP Tutorial: Introduction To NAT By Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933 A Free Excerpt From The Bryant Advantage Ultimate CCNA Study Guide Network Address Translation (NAT) is not only an important topic for CCNA and CCNP exams, but it's also a very commonly used technique for allowing end ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2226/introduction-to-nat The three commands used to configure basic Frame Relay on a router select the Frame Relay encapsulation type, establish the LMI connection, and enable Inverse ARP: encapsulation frame-relay [cisco | ietf] frame-relay lmi-type {ansi | cisco | q933i} frame-relay inverse-arp [protocol] [dlci] Here's the procedure for configuring basic Frame ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2224/configuring-frame-relay Frame Relay is a connection-oriented Layer 2 protocol that allows several data connections(called virtual circuits) to be multiplexed onto a single physical link. Frame Relay relies on upper-layer protocols for error correction. Frame Relay specifies only the connection between a router and a service provider's local access switching equipment. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2222/frame-relay-overview PPP: Point-to-Point Protocol Overview The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) provides a standard method for transporting multiprotocol datagrams over point-to-point links. PPP was originally emerged as an encapsulation protocol for transporting IP traffic between two peers. It is a data link layer protocol (layer 2 in the OSI model ) in ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2220/ppp-overview X.25: ITU-T Protocol for WAN Communications X.25, an ITU-T protocol for WAN communications, is a packet switched data network protocol which defines the exchange of data as well as control information between a user device, called Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and a network node, called Data Circuit Terminating Equipment ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2218/x25-overview-2 Principles of Configuring Access Lists Access lists are processed from top to bottom, making statement ordering critical to efficient operation. Always place specific and frequent statements at the beginning of an access list. Named access lists allow the removal of individual statements (but no reordering). To reorder statements, you ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2212/access-list-configuration EtherChannel CCNA and CCNP candidates are well-versed in Spanning-Tree Protocol, and one of the great things about STP is that it works well with little or no additional configuration. There is one situation where STP works against us just a bit while it prevents switching loops, and that is ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2208/etherchannel-overview Cisco VTP: VLAN Trunking Protocol VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) is a Cisco Layer 2 messaging protocol that manages the addition, deletion, and renaming of VLANs on a network-wide basis. Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) Trunk Protocol (VTP) reduces administration in a switched network. When you configure a new VLAN ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2206/cisco-vlan-trunking-protocol VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) is a Layer 2 messaging protocol that maintains VLAN configuration consistency throughout a common administrative domain by managing VLAN additions, deletions, and name changes across multiple switches. VTP server updates are propagated to all connected switches in the network, which reduces the need for manual ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2204/configuring-a-vlan STP Basics Supported STP Instances This software release supports the per-VLAN spanning tree (PVST) and a maximum of 64 spanning-tree instances. If more VLANs are defined in the VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) than STP instances, you can enable STP on only 64 VLANs. The remaining VLANs operate with STP ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2202/all-about-stp The Spanning-Tree Protocol prevents looping traffic in a redundant switched network by blocking traffic on the redundant links. If the main link goes down, the spanning tree activates the standby path. Spanning-Tree Protocol operation is transparent to end stations. The Spanning-Tree Protocol was developed by DEC and was revised ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2200/spanning-tree-protocol Basic Layer 2 Switching (Bridging) Functions Ethernet switching operates at OSI Layer 2, creating dedicated network segments and interconnecting segments. Layer 2 switches have three main functions: # MAC address learning-A Layer 2 switch learns the MAC addresses of devices attached to each of its ports. The addresses ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2198/catalyst-switch-operations When a Catalyst switch is started for the first time, a default configuration is loaded. Three main operations are performed during normal startup: # A power-on self-test (POST) checks the hardware. # A startup routine initiates the operating system. # Software configuration settings are loaded. Initial Startup Procedure 1 ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2196/switch-startup VLANs create Layer 2 segments. End stations in different segments (broadcast domains) cannot communicate with each other without the use of a Layer 3 device, such as a router. Each VLAN must have a separate physical connection on the router, or trunking must be enabled on a single physical ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2194/configuring-network-routing Any topology change in a network running a distance vector protocol triggers an update in the routing tables. The topology updates follow the same step-by-step process as the initial network discovery. The process of updating routing tables is as follows: A router compares the information contained in the update ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2192/distance-vector-routing Routing protocols are used to determine paths between routers and to maintain routing tables. Dynamic routing uses routing protocols to disseminate knowledge throughout the network. A routing protocol defines communication rules and interprets network layer address information. Routing protocols describe the following: # Routing update methods # Information contained ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2190/dynamic-routing-overview Introduction Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is an interior gateway protocol suited for many different topologies and media. In a well designed network, EIGRP scales well and provides extremely quick convergence times with minimal network traffic. EIGRP Theory of Operation Some of the many advantages of EIGRP are: ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2188/eigrp-overview Introduction A discontiguous network is comprised of a major net separated by another major net. In the figure below, network 131.108.0.0 is separated by a subnet of network 137.99.0.0; 131.108.0.0 is a discontiguous network This document will describe why RIPv1 and IGRP do not support discontiguous networks and how ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2186/why-rip-v1-and-igrp-dont-support-discontiguous-networks Why Don't RIPv1 and IGRP Support Variable-Length Subnet Mask? The ability to specify a different subnet mask for the same network number on different subnets is called Variable-Length Subnet Mask (VLSM). RIPv1 and IGRP are classful protocols and are incapable of carrying subnet mask information in their updates. Before ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2184/why-rip-v1-and-igrp-do-not-support-vlsm-2 Overview The Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) is a routing protocol to provide routing within an autonomous system (AS). In the mid-1980s, the most popular interior routing protocol was the Routing Information Protocol (RIP). Although RIP was quite useful for routing within small- to moderate-sized, relatively homogeneous internetworks, its ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2182/overview-of-igrp Introduction to OSPFv2 * Uses metrics-path cost * Typically faster convergence than DVRPs * Support for CIDR, VLSM, authentication, multipath, and IP unnumbered * Relatively low, steady state bandwidth requirements Cost = Metric * Cost applied on all router link paths * 16-bit positive number 1-65,535 * The lower ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2180/ospf-overview To enable a dynamic routing protocol, you must do the following: # Select a routing protocol (such as RIP or IGRP). # TAssign IP network numbers. # Assign network/subnet addresses and the appropriate subnet mask to interfaces. The network command starts up the routing protocol. The network command also ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2178/enabling-rip RIP and RIP2: Routing Information Protocol RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a standard for exchange of routing information among gateways and hosts. RIP is most useful as an "interior gateway protocol". In a nationwide network such as the current Internet, there are many routing protocols be used for the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2176/rip-overview You must know the difference between a "routed" protocol and a "routing protocol". A routed protocol is a protocol by which data can be routed. Examples of a routed protocol are IP, IPX, and AppleTalk. Required in such a protocol is an addressing scheme. Based on the addressing scheme, ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2174/routed-protocols-vs-routing-protocols Introduction Microsoft Hyperterminal is one of the most commonly used terminal emulator programs. This document explains how to use some Hyperterminal features with Cisco routers. Prerequisites This document is not restricted to specific software and hardware versions. The information in this document was created from the devices in a ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2172/capturing-text-output-from-hyperterminal CCNA / CCNP Tutorial: Router And Switch Passwords By Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933 A Free Excerpt From The Bryant Advantage Ultimate CCNA Study Guide When you're looking at a Cisco router configuration, figuring out what the different passwords do can be a little confusing at first. But as I ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2170/cisco-router-switch-passwords From privileged EXEC mode, the configure terminal command provides access to global configuration mode. From global configuration mode, you can access specific configuration modes, such as the following: # Interface-Configures operations on a per-interface basis # Subinterface-Configures multiple virtual interfaces # Controller-Supports commands that configure controllers (such as E1 ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2168/configuring-the-router Cisco Basics - Priveliged Mode Introduction To get into Privileged Mode we enter the "Enable" command from User Exec Mode. If set, the router will prompt you for a password. Once in Privileged Mode, you will notice the prompt changes from ">" to a "#" to indicate that we ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2166/entering-a-cisco-routers-privilieged-mode Introduction Let's see what it looks like to be in each one of these modes. Here I have telneted into our lab router and I am in User Exec Mode: The easiest way to keep track of the mode you're in is by looking at the prompt. The ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2164/entering-a-cisco-routers-user-mode Introduction From my personal experience, I have noticed that the lower end routers (600-1400) use different commands than the mid to upper range routers (1600 and above). The commands we are going to talk about here cover most aspects of the 1600, 1700, 2500, 2600, 3600 series. Most are ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2162/cisco-router-modes Booting up the Router Cisco routers can boot Cisco IOS software from these locations: 1. Flash memory 2. TFTP server 3. ROM (not full Cisco IOS) Multiple source options provide flexibility and fallback alternatives Locating the Cisco IOS Software Default boot sequence for Cisco IOS software: 1. NVRAM 2. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2160/boot-sequence-for-routers Basics Of Cisco Routers Introduction Cisco is well known for its routers and switches. I must admit they are very good quality products and once they are up and running, you can pretty much forget about them because they rarely fail. We are going to focus on routers ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2158/cisco-router-basics Memory on your Cisco Routers This can be a confusing topic for many Cisco CCNA beginners. We have a few different types of memory in our Cisco routers. So where do we start? Let's start off explaining what each type of memory does on your Cisco router as this ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2156/cisco-router-memory Introduction Welcome to the Routers section. Here we will analyse routers quite some depth; what they do and how they work. I point out to you that you should have some knowlege on the OSI model and understand how data is sent across the network medium. If you find ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2153/introduction-to-cisco-routers Ethernet II Frame: 802.3 Frame: Preamble - Synchronization. They give components in the network time to detect the presence of a signal and read the signal before the frame data arrives. Start of Frame (SOF) - Start of Frame sequence Destination and Source Addresses - Physical or ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2149/ethernet-technologies Managing Your Network Environment Discovering Neighbors with CDP CDP is a proprietary tool that enables access to protocol and address information on directly connected devices. CDP runs over the data link layer, allowing different network-layer protocols to learn about each other. CDP runs over all LANs, Frame Relay, ATM, ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2148/managing-your-network-devices Bridging Bridging is a method of path selection that contrasts with routing. In a bridged network, no correspondence is required between addresses and paths. Put another way, addresses don't imply anything about where hosts are physically attached to the network. Any address can appear at any location. In contrast, ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2144/bridging ARP, IARP, RARP, and Proxy ARP? When I first started studying for my CCNA years ago, one of the things that confused me was ARP. Or rather, what ARP did as opposed to Reverse ARP, Inverse ARP, and Proxy ARP! One book would mention ARP without mentioning the other ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2142/arp-iarp-rarp-proxy-arp HDLC: High Level Data Link Control The High Level Data Link Control (HDLC) protocol, an ISO data link layer protocol based on the IBM SDLC, is to ensure that data passed up to the next layer has been received exactly as transmitted (i.e error free, without loss and in ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2140/hdlc-overview UDP: User Datagram Protocol UDP is a connectionless transport layer (layer 4) protocol in OSI model, which provides a simple and unreliable message service for transaction-oriented services. UDP is basically an interface between IP and upper-layer processes. UDP protocol ports distinguish multiple applications running on a single device from ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2138/udp-overview TCP: Transmission Control Protocol Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is the transport layer protocol in the TCP/IP protocol suite , which provides a reliable stream delivery and virtual connection service to applications through the use of sequenced acknowledgment with retransmission of packets when necessary. Along with the Internet Protocol (IP), ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2136/tcp-overview Configuring IP Addresses An IP address must be assigned to a switch if you plan to use SNMP or connect to the switch through a Web browser or Telnet. If the switch needs to send traffic to a different IP network, the traffic is routed to a default ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2134/configuring-ip-addresses Implementing Subnet Planning Without subnets, the organization operates as a single network. These flat topologies result in short routing tables but, as the network grows, the use of bandwidth becomes inefficient. (All systems on the network receive all the broadcasts on the network.) Network addressing can be made more ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2132/implementing-subnet-planning TCP/IP Address Overview In a TCP/IP environment, each node must have a unique 32-bit logical IP address. Each IP datagram includes the source and destination IP addresses in the header. Host and Network Address Each company listed on the Internet is viewed as a single network. This ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2130/tcpip-address-overview OSI Model Concepts The standard model for networking protocols and distributed applications is the International Standard Organization's Open System Interconnect (ISO/OSI) model. It defines seven network layers. Short for Open System Interconnection, an ISO standard for worldwide communications that defines a networking framework for implementing protocols in seven layers. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2128/the-7-layer-osi-model The Cisco CCNA exam has been designed to prepare you for the real world of managing a large network and that can be a very complicated procedure. There are many factors to bring into consideration when designing a network's topography; traffic, WAN support, speed, reliability, cost, and more. This ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2126/cisco-ccna-3-layer-model Introduction In the two decades since their invention, the heterogeneity of networks has expanded further with the deployment of Ethernet, Token Ring, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), X.25, Frame Relay, Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS), Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), and most recently, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). The Internet ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2124/cisco-tcpip-overview CCNA Certification is necessary to validate to employers that the holder has demonstrated an understanding of the foundation of networking using Cisco devices; basic routing and switching, TCP/IP, the Open Systems Interconnect model, WANs, and more. In preparing for the CCNA exam, it's important that candidates are adequately prepared ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2122/taking-the-ccna-exam CISCO CCNA Certification knowledge to pass the exam Knowledge of OSI Reference Model (1) Identify and describe the functions of each of the seven layers of the OSI reference model. Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) OSI consists of two environments; the OSI environment, which is made up of seven layers ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2120/cisco-ccna-certification-knowledge-to-pass-the-exam Linksys/D-Link Routers and your Cisco Lab We get many CCNA students who ask us how to incorporate their Linksys/D-Link or similar Cable/DSL wireless router into their newly purchased Cisco CCNA lab. Although this can be done, it is not something we suggest. I will touch on a few reasons ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2118/linksysd-link-routers-and-your-cisco-ccna-lab A terminal or comm server commonly provides out-of-band access for multiple devices. A terminal server is a router with multiple, low speed, asynchronous ports that are connected to other serial devices, such as modems or console ports on routers or switches. The terminal server allows you to use a ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2116/terminal-server-setup ROUTER COMMANDS TERMINAL CONTROLS: * Config# terminal editing - allows for enhanced editing commands * Config# terminal monitor - shows output on telnet session * Config# terminal ip netmask-format hexadecimal|bit-count|decimal - changes the format of subnet masks HOST NAME: * Config# hostname ROUTER_NAME BANNER: * Config# banner motd # ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2114/cisco-router-commands Many times we get questions from new CCNA canidates stating that they can't upgrade their Cisco router IOS because there is not enough flash space available on the Cisco router. Although this may be true on occasion, we suggest that you first check a few things on your Cisco ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2112/cisco-router-with-multiple-partitions Ok, one of the most common question we get is how do I upgrade the IOS on my Cisco router? I can refer you to the documentation on Cisco's site on how to do this, but it seems as though for the new CCNA student that this just does ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2110/cisco-router-ios-upgrade-procedure-simplified Connect a PC to a Cisco Router or Switch Use the supplied rollover cable and the DB-9 adapter to connect a PC to the Cisco console port. The PC or terminal must support VT100 terminal emulation. The terminal emulation software-frequently a PC application such as Microsoft Windows HyperTerminal or ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/2108/connecting-your-pc-to-your-cisco-switch-or-router Cable/DSL Cisco Router Setup I want to first mention that this lab does not have the level of detail my other lab examples have on my site or the labs in the CCNA Lab Workbook. So please view the other labs examples we have on our site to get ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2104/configuring-a-cisco-cabledsl-modem-router 3 ROUTER SETUP WITH FRAME RELAY Hardware Requirement: * 1 Router with 2 Serials * 2 Router with 1 Serial * 2 DTE/DCE Serial Cables * IOS Version 11.x or later CONFIGURATION OF FRAME RELAY ROUTER Router>enable Router#conf t Router(config)#hostname FR FR(config)#enable password cisco FR(config)#frame-relay switching FR(config-if)#int s0 ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2102/three-router-frame-relay-lab Objective In this lab, you will configure static routes between all three routers. This will allow your routers to route packets so that all routers and all hosts will be able to reach (ping) each other. Once your configuration is complete, you will use basic techniques to test ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2097/three-router-static-route-lab LAB CATALYST 2950 SWITCH CONFIGURATION Prerequisite Setup - You will configure an Ethernet router with an IP address of 197.10.1.1 255.255.255.0 to E0. You will connectE0 on your Router to E0/1 on Switch1. You will then connect Switch 1 and 2 together via port FA0/12 on each. Finally, you ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2099/cisco-2950-switch-vlan-trunking-lab 2 Router Basic Configuration Lab Objective: In this lab you will configure a simple network to allow two routers to route packets between to remote networks. Requirements: * Two Cisco routers with one Ethernet port and one serial port. * Cisco IOS 10.0 or higher * One PC for consoling into routers with terminal emulation ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/2088/basic-two-router-lab IOS Local AAA is one feature that is often overlooked for some reason. It allows turning your router into almost full-functional AAA server, allowing not only local authentication of remote VPN users but also local authorization for protocols like PPP (used with PPTP/PPPoE or dialup) or IKE (used with ezVPN). ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/security/980/understanding-ios-local-aaa High availability solutions often utilize virtual gateway protocol to avoid single point of failure. We are going to discuss high availability for the IPsec tunnel in the sample topology presented below. In this topology we need to protect traffic between VLAN67 and VLAN58 travelling across VLAN146 segment. In order to ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/iscw/979/ipsec-vpn-high-availability-with-hsrp One of the new technologies to be featured in the CCIE Security 3.0 blueprint is the GET VPN. This blog post will give you the basics of this new and exciting technology. Here is the scenario; you are a large corporation with multiple branch offices that need VPN connections between them ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/978/get-this-its-the-cisco-get-group-encrypted-transport-vpn As you learned in the previous blog that introduced the GET VPN solution, a major facet of this exciting technology is the Group Domain of Interpretation (GDOI) as outlined in RFC 3547. This technology is such a pivotal component of GET VPN because it serves as the mechanisms to provide ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/vpn/977/exploring-get-vpn-technologies In this post we are going to speak mainly of NHRP. The other important part of DMVPN - IPsec - is relatively the same, and did not change with introduction of NHRP Phase 3. To begin with, let’s quickly recall the core features of NHRP Phase 1 & 2. For ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/vpn/975/dmvpn-phase-3 DMVPN stands for Dynamic Multipoint VPN and it is an effective solution for dynamic secure overlay networks. In short, DMVPN is combination of the following technologies: 1) Multipoint GRE (mGRE) 2) Next-Hop Resolution Protocol (NHRP) 4) Dynamic Routing Protocol (EIGRP, RIP, OSPF, BGP) 3) Dynamic IPsec encryption 5) Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) Assuming that reader has ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/vpn/974/dmvpn-explained The tutorial presented below is a small excerpt from the “System Management” section of beta IEWB-RS Vol I version 5. SNMPv3 protocol a security model, defining new concepts to replace the old community-based pseudo-authentication and provide communication privacy by means of encryption. The new concepts are: user, group and security level. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/iscw/970/snmpv3-tutorial NTP security goal is to prevent unauthorized time sources to affect time synchronization within a set of network devices. Cisco IOS offers two methods of securing NTP infrastructure: 1) NTP Access Control. Limit types of NTP access and NTP sources associating with out router. 2) NTP Authentication. Validate the identity of NTP sources. Let`s see ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/969/ntp-access-control Cisco switches run different types of STP protocol, depending on whether the connected port is access, ISL trunk or 802.1q trunk. Natively, a Cisco switch runs a separate STP instance for each configured and active VLAN (this is called Per-VLAN Spanning Tree or PVST) and standard IEEE compliant switches run ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/958/pvst-explained Classification, Policing and Marking on the 3560 model. As we remember, 3560 uses the concept of internal QoS label, which contains both the CoS and DSCP values for a packet. Only one value is actually taken (trusted) from the packet or interface (either CoS or DSCP), and the other one is ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/953/bridging-the-gap-between-3550-and-3560-qos-part-ii Generally, flow-control is a mechanics which allows the receiving party of a connection to control the rate of the sending party. You may see many different implementations of flow-control technologies at different levels of OSI model (e.g. XON/XOFF for RS232, TCP sliding window, B2B credits for Fibre Channel, FECN/BECN for ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/951/8023x-flow-control The 3550 WRR (weighted round robin) scheduler algorithm utilizes four configurable queues at each interface of the switch. Let`s consider just FastEthernet ports for simplicity in this post. For each queue, the following important parameters could be configured: 1) WRR scheduling weight. Defines how much attention the queue is given in ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ont/950/understanding-wrr-queue-parameters In this post we will look at the basic classification and marking features available in the 3550 and 3560 switches. Basic features include packet marking using port-level settings and port-level policy-maps. Discussing Per-VLAN classification is outside the scope of this document. The Catalyst QoS implementation bases on Differentiated Services model. In ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ont/947/traffic-classification-in-the-35503560-switches Before we start with MSTP (Multiple Spanning Trees Protocol), I would like to note that this tutorial is going to be is divided in two parts. The first part describes how MSTP works inside a single region (the definition of the term will follow later). The second part is dedicated ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/943/mstp-tutorial-part-i-inside-a-region People are often confused with per-VLAN classification, policing and marking features in the Catalyst 3550 and 3560 models. The biggest problem is lack of comprehensive examples in the Documentation CD. Let’s quickly review and compare traffic policing features available on both platforms. The material below is a condensed excerpt ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ont/942/comparing-traffic-policing-features-in-the-3550-and-3560-switches The Security section of Internetwork Expert`s CCIE Routing & Switching Lab Workbook Volume 1 Version 5.0 is completed and available on the members site. As of now the fully completed and posted sections are Bridging & Switching, Frame Relay, IP Routing, RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, QoS, Security, System Management, and ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/932/security-section-of-iewb-rs-vol-1-ver-5-now-available Sure, everyone knows that it is copy running-config startup-config in order to save your hard-earned configuration to the Non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) inside the device. But what about saving a copy of the configuration on your local PC? Well, this is easy thanks to a couple of tips and tricks, and ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccent/923/ccent-saving-your-router-or-switch-configurations-to-your-pc Inbound 1. QoS Policy Propagation through Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) (QPPB) 2. Input common classification 3. Input ACLs 4. Input marking (class-based marking or Committed Access Rate (CAR)) 5. Input policing (through a class-based policer or CAR) 6. IP Security (IPSec) 7. Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) or Fast Switching Outbound 1. CEF or Fast Switching 2. Output common classification 3. Output ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ont/921/qos-order-of-operations This is a “modern” way to configure FRTS, using MQC commands only to accomplish the task. With MQC approach, an unified interface has been introduced to configure all QoS settings, irrelevant of underlying technology. In summary: - Legacy command frame-relay traffic-shaping is incompatible with MQC-based FRTS (you can’t mix them) - Fancy queueing ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ont/920/mqc-based-frame-relay-traffic-shaping The need for fragmentation We are going to briefly discuss Layer2 fragmentation schemes, their purpose and configuration examples. Let’s start with a general discussion. Usually, Layer2 fragmentation is used to accomplish one of two goals: a) Link aggregation, e.g. making a number of physical channels look like one logical link from Layer2 ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ont/919/link-efficiency-fragmentation This is the most well-known FRTS method, which has been available for quite a while on Cisco routers. It is now being outdated by MQC configurations. The key characteristic is that all settings are configured under map-class command mode, and later are applied to a particular set PVCs. The same configuration concept ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ont/918/legacy-frame-relay-traffic-shaping This post is a partial excerpt from the QoS section of our IEWB-RS VOL1 V5. We’ll skip the discussion of how much of a legacy the Custom Queue is, and get stright to the working details The Custom queue feature is similar to WFQ in that it tries to ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ont/915/understanding-custom-queuing To begin with, why whould anyone need to run Multilink PPP (MLPPP or MLP) with Interleaving over Frame-Relay? Well, back in days, when Frame-Relay and ATM were really popular, there was a need to interwork the two technologies: that is, transparently pass encapsulated packets between FR and ATM PVCs. (This ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ont/913/fragmentation-and-interleaving-with-mlppp-over-frame-relay QoS features available on Catalyst switch platforms have specific limitations, dictated by the hardware design of modern L3 switches, which is heavily optimized to handle packets at very high rates. Catalyst switch QoS is implemented using TCAM (Ternary Content Addressable Tables) - fast hardware lookup tables - to store ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ont/911/catalyst-qos-the-3550-explained Note: The following post is an excerpt from the full QoS section of IEWB-RS VOL1 version 5. Peak shaping may look confusing at first sight; however, its function becomes clear once you think of oversubscription. As we discussed before, oversubscription means selling customers more bandwidth than a network can supply, hoping ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ont/906/understanding-the-%e2%80%9cshape-peak%e2%80%9d-command Computing voice bandwidth is usually required for scenarios where you provision LLQ queue based on the number of calls and VoIP codec used. You need to account for codec rate, Layer 3 overhead (IP, RTP and UDP headers) and Layer 2 overhead (Frame-Relay, Ethernet, HDLC etc. headers). Accounting for Layer ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ont/902/computing-voip-traffic-bandwidth-consumption Let’s say you get a bunch of inexpensive (but a bit outdated) routers (36XX or 72Xx) and some really nice (maybe not so cheap) Cisco switches (e.g. 3550/3560) and you would like to provide a VPLS-like service to your customers. Since VPLS is a service available only on more powerful ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/security/874/vpls For the benefit of those who do not have access to the lab below is the task and the diagram: 4.11. IGP Redistribution Redistribute between RIP and OSPF on SW1. Redistribute between OSPF and EIGRP on R2, R3, and R4. Ensure that full reachability is maintained throughout the IGP domain when the Frame Relay ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-rs/872/advanced-route-redistribution-scenario-iewb-rs-v41-vol-ii-lab-2-task-411 In current IOS versions for IPv4 redistribution is a two step process. Let`s suppose that we are trying to redistribute RIPv2 into OSPFv2 by issuing the "redistribute rip subnets" command under the OSPF process. The first thing the router does is to look at the "show ip route ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/870/understanding-how-route-redistribution-works-in-ipv6 Here is a small task that illustrates how combining a few technologies may result in interesting solution. Task: Configure R1 to send all logging messages to the remote server at the IP address “10.0.0.100″. Ensure secure (non-cleartext) and reliable (acknowledged) information delivery. DO NOT USE: 1) TCP as the transport protocol. 2) IPsec for ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/858/brainteaser-ip-services Look at the following NAT scenario. R2 is configured to translate R1 Loopback0 IP address to one of it`s own Loopback0 IP addresses: R2: ip nat inside source static 150.1.1.1 150.1.2.100 ! interface Serial 0/1 ip nat inside ! inerface FastEthernet 0/0 ip nat outside All hosts behind Ethernet segment can reach R1 using the IP address ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/857/a-curious-nat-scenario First let`s talk briefly about what the RPF check, or Reverse Path Forwarding check, is for multicast. PIM is known as Protocol Independent Multicast routing because it does not exchange its own information about the network topology. Instead it relies on the accuracy of an underlying unicast routing ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/855/troubleshooting-multicast-rpf-failure In this post we will quickly discuss the use of most commonly needed IGMP timers. First, as we know, multicast routers periodically query hosts on a segment. If there are two or more routers sharing the same segment, the one with the lowest IP address is the IGMP querier (per ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/851/a-quick-overview-of-basic-igmp-timers OSPF point-to-multipoint non-broadcast was designed to allow for the assignment of the cost on a per neighbor basis as opposed to using the interface’s cost. This is useful on a multipoint Frame Relay interface where there are two neighbors advertising the same route but the CIRs for the DLCIs ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/843/understanding-the-ospf-point-to-multipoint-non-broadcast-network-type By adjusting the hello/dead timers you can make non-compatible OSPF network types appear as neighbors via the “show ip ospf neighbor” but they won’t become “adjacent” with each other. OSPF network types that use a DR (broadcast and non-broadcast) can neighbor with each other and function properly. Likewise OSPF network ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/842/understanding-ospf-network-types This problem is common when running OSPF between a switch (i.e 3550 or 3560) and a router. The error message that is generated when this problem occurs is: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 150.8.5.5 on Vlan258 from DOWN to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Dead timer expired %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 150.8.2.2 on Vlan258 ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/841/ospf-mtu-mismatch-issue Extended ACLs work with IGP protocols but you can not match on the subnet mask portion of the route. Extended ACLs are used with IGP protocols to match the network portion of the route and the IP address of the router that sent the route. Here is an example of ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/837/using-extended-acls-with-igps Please, refer to the previous parts of this article, for information on the diagram and terms. For this scenario, called "dual-core", we want the "fast" Ethernet connections (VLAN 356) to be used as primary transport for packet exchange between the routing domains. The Frame-Relay cloud should only be traversed, if ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/836/understanding-redistribution-part-iii Simple Redistribution Step-by-Step We’re going to take our basic topology from the previous post Understanding Redistribution Part I , and configure to provide full connectivity between all devices with the most simple configuration. Then we are going to tweak some settings and see how they affect redistribution and optimal routing. This ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/835/understanding-redistribution-part-ii Abstract: Describe the purpose of redistribution and the issues involved. Prerequisites: Good understanding of IGP routing protocols (OSPF, EIGRP, RIPv2). Let’s start straight with a rolling out a group of definitions. Redistribution is a process of passing the routing information from one routing domain to another. The ultimate goal of redistribution is ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/834/understanding-redistribution-part-i The behavior of point-to-multipoint is to advertise each end-point out as a /32 and suppress the advertisement of the network itself. Point-to-multipoint advertises the end points to overcome possible reachability issues between devices that are on the same logical subnet but do not have direct communication (i.e. spoke to spoke ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/832/ospf-point-to-multipoint-network-type-and-32-routes Commonly people run into issues with the ip default-network command putting static routes in their configuration when they select a network that can not be considered as the candidate default network. I’ll show the two common mistakes with this command that causes this to happen. In the scenario below R4 ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/831/issues-with-the-%e2%80%9cip-default-network%e2%80%9d-command Tonight I’m posting some updates to the IEWB-RS Volume 1 Version 5.0 section of OSPF, along with an interesting teaser on how OSPF path selection works towards external routes originated in an NSSA. In my pursuit of networking Nirvana, I have a motto; learn something new every day. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/826/new-ospf-updates-ospf-nssa-teaser 2 Router Basic Configuration Lab Objective: In this lab you will configure a simple network to allow two routers to route packets between to remote networks. Requirements: * Two Cisco routers with one Ethernet port and one serial port. * Cisco IOS 10.0 or higher * One ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/97/ccna-640-802-basic-two-router-lab Required Exam: 640-816 ICND2 (Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2) I. Module 1: VLANs A. Advanced Switching Technologies B. VLANs C. VLAN Configuration D. VLAN Trunking E. VTP F. RSTP G. Advanced Switching Verifications H. Basic Layer 2 Security II. Module 2: IP Addressing/Services for Medium-Sized Network A. VLSM B. Summarization C. IPv6 Requirements D. IPv6 Addressing E. IP Address Troubleshooting III. Module 3: ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccent/757/ccna-cisco-certified-network-associate-ccna-internetwork-expert-course-outline GENERAL ANNOUNCEMENT: Cisco is now soliciting beta candidates for Cisco’s upcoming CCIE Wireless Written Exam. We are looking for an exclusive set of professional and expert level Wireless Networking Engineers who can dedicate 3 hours of their time to take the beta exam. The CCIE Wireless certification, to be launched later ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-wireless/736 IPMA is yet another well-known CCM application that you may encounter on your CCIE Voice lab exam. While IPMA Proxy mode is clearly a legacy approach to configure this application its still a topic you could see in the lab. Before we discuss the configuration steps, let¡¯s take a ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-voice/732/ip-manager-assistant-proxy-mode-explained Current as of Jan 2008. IOS 12.4(5b) CME 3.3 CUE 2.1.3 CRS (IPCC Express) 4.0.1 CallManager 4.1(3)sr3b Unity 4.0(5) Catalyst OS 7.6 (6500) IOS 12.1 (3550) http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-voice/731 Introduction The CCIE Voice lab is unique in the sense that it requires you to configure diverse number of applications sharing little in common with each other. For example, you will have to use GUI to configure Call Manager and CLI to configure SRST. On top of that, it`s hard to ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-voice/729/voice-lab-strategy A voice lab rack usually utilizes dedicated piece of hardware to simulate PSTN switch. Commonly, you can find a Cisco router in this role, with a number of E1/T1 cards set to emulate ISDN network side. It perfectly suits the function, switching ISDN connections between the endpoints. Additionally, it is ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-voice/728/using-rtp-loopback-for-voippstn-call-testing Below is the new CCIE Voice Lab Blueprint (version 3) that will be implemented mid-July 2009. CCIE Voice Lab 3.0 Equipment and Software Versions Passing the CCIE Voice Lab Exam requires a depth of understanding difficult to obtain without hands-on experience. Early in your preparation, you should arrange access to the equipment ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-voice/716 People constantly have troubles understanding the GK-based call routing. In this post, we are not going to get deep into the gatekeeper functionality, but rather discuss the basic call-routing logic. Reader is assumed to know the basic gatekeeper configuration commands. Basic Concepts The first concept is technology-prefix, which is the core of ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-voice/714/gatekeeper-call-routing-at-a-glance In this post we are going to describe a sample dialplan that could be used with PSTN simulator in your voice lab. Let`s start by looking at the following diagram to get basic understanding of the lab topology. In the diagram YY stands for two-digit rack number, for example 01 ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-voice/713/configuring-a-pstn-dialplan Let’s say you get a bunch of inexpensive (but a bit outdated) routers (36XX or 72Xx) and some really nice (maybe not so cheap) Cisco switches (e.g. 3550/3560) and you would like to provide a VPLS-like service to your customers. Since VPLS is a service available only on more powerful ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-sp/706/poor-man%e2%80%99s-vpls Below are a couple example configurations for PPPoE. Note that you can run into MTU issues when trying to use OSPF over PPPoE. This can easily be resolved by using the “ip ospf mtu-ignore” command as the dialer interface’s MTU is 1492 while the virtual-template’s (virtual-access) MTU is 1500. *** ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-sp/705/example-configurations-for-ppp-over-ethernet-pppoe As the world evolves around us all, so do the topics of the various CCIE lab exams! Networkers did not yield any earth-shattering information that we did not already know, but it highlighted some areas of interest for us. IPv6 will be coming to a Service Provider CCIE exam near ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-sp/700 The subject is a legacy and is no longer a big issue for the CCIE SP exam. However, it still worths mentioning few major features of cell-mode ATM. For our article we’ll conside a small network consisting of three routers: R1—ATM—R2 Basically, cell-mode ATM is an MPLS implementation which uses native ATM ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-sp/696/cell-mode-mpls Intro In this post we are going to discuss operations of the "traceroute" and "ping" command in MPLS environment. The reader is supposed to have solid understanding of MPLS VPN technologies, prior to read this document. Note the use of terms "MPLS ping/traceroute" which are interchangeable with "LSP ping/traceroute" The following ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-sp/690/mpls-ping-and-traceroute The following is a detailed CCIE SP lab exam outline. The aim is to help people preparing for the respective exam in organizing their study and eliminating “white spaces” in their knowledge. In general, the ouline tries to follows the official lab blueprint as much as possible and covers the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-sp/686 Although the CCIE Security lab still has old IOS 12.2T installed on all routers, it`s more convenient to discuss ezVPN technology using the approach prompted by recent IOS releases. Specifically, for our purposes we will utilize the feature known as VTI (Virtual Tunnel Interface) to simplify IPsec configurations a great ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-security/677/easy-vpn-combined-with-vrf-lite Hello all. I have had some peers ask me for help in getting up and running quickly with GNS3 to help master the PIX/ASA. Here is my step-by-step on that. I am installing on the following system: Alienware Windows Vista Home Premium AMD Athlon 64 X2 Dual Core Processor 5600+ 2.80 GHz 4 GB ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-security/676/using-gns3-to-help-master-the-pixasa-basic-setup-and-the-first-emulation This blog is focusing on QoS on the PIX/ASA and is based on 7.2 code to be consistent with the CCIE Security Lab Exam as of the date of this post.?I will create a later blog regarding new features to 8.X code for all of you non-exam biased readers ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-security/675/qos-on-the-pixasa-part-1what-tools-are-available This post was created using GNS3 and follows what I thought was some of the most lab and real-world relevant content from the Cisco ASA documentation in the area of IP Routing: ? http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/security/asa/asa72/configuration/guide/ip.html ? Here is the topology used: ? ? Initial Setup First, we place the necessary IP configurations on the devices for our initial connectivity: R0: en conf ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-security/672 As I am sure you have already seen from the blog on setting up the security device as a Layer 2 device, there are many interesting changes that occur on a PIX or ASA when configured for transparent operations. This blog highlights the major changes and guidelines that you should ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-security/666 This blog will examine the basic setup of the transparent firewall feature available with the PIX and the ASA. This blog was based on the PIX-525 running 7.2(4) code with a Restricted license in GNS3. Here is the topology that was used: Remember, that a transparent firewall resides WITHIN a subnet ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-security/665 In this final part of our blog series on QoS with the PIX/ASA, we examine the remaining two tools that we find on some devices - traffic shaping and traffic policing. Traffic Shaping Traffic shaping on the security appliance allows the device to limit the flow of traffic. This mechanism will buffer ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-security/664/qos-on-the-pixasa-part-4traffic-shaping-and-traffic-policing Thanks to Anisha with Cisco Systems for this idea. We were in Brian McGahan’s CCIE Security 5 Day Bootcamp, and she realized it would be nice to have a Quick Ref of his troubleshooting/verification commands. There is a bazillion shows and debugs it seems, but you only need a subset ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-security/659 The 3560 QoS processing model is tightly coupled with it`s hardware architecture borrowed from the 3750 series switches. The most notable feature is the internal switch ring, which is used for the switch stacking purpose. Packets entering a 3560/3750 switch are queued and serviced twice: first on the ingress, before ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccvp/qos/494/bridging-the-gap-between-3550-and-3560-qos-part-i Hi Brian, I have a problem with the multicast helper topic, the case when a broadcast network is separated by a multicast network, and then again it continues. Can you discuss this topic? Thanks, Nizami Hi Nizami, The multicast helper-map command is similar in theory to how the unicast ¡°ip helper-map¡± works. With ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-rs/491 IPv6 NAT-PT is to be used with IPv4 to IPv6 migration scenarios and it’s purpose is to provide bi-directional connectivity between IPv4 and IPv6 domains. A dual-stack router with interfaces in both IPv4 and IPv6 networks is capable of performing this task. The difference from classic IPv4 NAT is that ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ipv6/490/understanding-ipv6-nat-pt First off be sure to arrive at the lab at least 15 minutes early. I’ve done both arrived early and arrived late. I can tell you from personal experience that arriving early is the best option. When you arrive you will be waiting in the lobby ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-rs/487 OSPF virtual links are relatively simple to configure and you normally do not run into too many problem getting them up and working but an odd issue you could run into is when trying to run the virtual link over an interface who’s OSPF cost is maximized (65535 or 0xffff).? ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-rs/486 GLBP, an acronym for Gateway Load Balancing Protocol, is a virtual gateway protocol similar to HSRP and VRRP. However, unlike its little brothers, GLBP is capable of using multiple physical gateways at the same time. As we know, a single HSRP or VRRP group represents one virtual gateway, with single ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-rs/485/glbp-explained Hi Brian, I ran into these nasty frame relay mappings during an initial lab set-up and was wondering why they are there, (even with inverse-arp disabled), and what they are actually doing. I was able to remove them only after writing my configuration to memory, and then performing a reload ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-rs/481 UDLD (Unidirectional Link Detection) is Cisco proprietary extension for detecting a mis-configured link. The idea behind it is pretty strighforward - allow two switches to verify if they can both send and receive data on a point-to-point connection. Consider a network with two switches, A and B connected ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-rs/480 If you ever used IPCP for address allocation with PPP (”ip address negotiated” on client side and “peer default ip address” on server side) you may have noticed that the mask assigned to a client is always /32. It does not matter what mask a server uses on it’s side ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-rs/479/the-mystery-of-%e2%80%9cppp-ipcp-mask-request%e2%80%9d-command The goal of this article is to discuss how would the following configuration work in the 3560 series switches: interface FastEthernet0/13 switchport mode access load-interval 30 speed 10 srr-queue bandwidth shape 50 0 0 0 srr-queue bandwidth share 33 33 33 1 srr-queue bandwidth limit 20 Before we begin, let¡¯s recap what ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccvp/qos/477/quick-notes-on-the-3560-egress-queuing This may seem to be a basic topic, but it looks like many people are still confused by the difference between those two concepts. Let us clear this confusion at once! Look at the diagram above. Both router links are clocked at 128Kbps, and the test packet flow has packet size ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccvp/qos/473/shaping-vs-policing-at-a-glance In this post we are going to look into STP convergence process. Many people have perfect understanding of STP, but yet face difficulties when they see questions like ¡°How many seconds will it take for STP to recover connectivity if a given link fails?¡±. The post will follow the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-rs/472 We are going to discuss Cisco¡¯s proprietary extensions to STP algorithm, namely UplinkFast and BackBone Fast. Those two features aim to reduce the time it takes STP to re-activate topology after a link failure. While UplinkFast seems pretty intuitive, BB Fast is more complicated. UplinkFast Look at Figure 1 above. It ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-rs/471 IGP OSPF Features 3.4 You are concerned about the convergence times and CPU resources consumed in the backbone OPSF area. Configure all routers in the backbone so that they only recalculate a portion of the Shortest Path Tree when they receive local link state advertisements. 2 points SOLUTION: This one would have thrown me during ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-rs/463/cisco-rs-lab-exam-challenge-ospf-features-part-2-of-2 Before this exciting news, a quick introduction. My name is Josh Finke, Director of Operations for Internetwork Expert. Along with Brian Dennis and Brian McGahan, I am currently attending CiscoLive Networkers 2008 in Orlando Florida. After speaking with multiple Cisco employees within the wireless group, the Wireless CCIE has been confirmed. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/446 For the sake of simplicity and enabling a wider audience we decided to post our regular CCIE brainteasers to the blog.? The winner will get a coupon worth 10% off the price of any of our training packages for R&S, Security, Voice or Service Provider or a $250 Amazon.com gift ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/428 As CCIE candidates, we are asked to do all sorts of things with access lists.? We have them in lots of different places, and use them in lots of different ways.? So many, sometimes, that it becomes very confusing to follow things! Access-lists themselves aren’t really that bad. Or are they? ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/security/427/binary-math-part-i The long rumored Security CCIE Lab changes have finally been officially announced by Cisco.? The new version 3 hardware/software and blueprint will be implemented in mid-April 2009.? The good news is that there are not going to be any real changes to the hardware.? The new hardware and software is ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-security/419 Recently as most rack rental customers are aware of it’s not easy to find an available rack or mock lab session.? Our security rack rentals are running near 100% capacity, the SP racks are also near 100% capacity, voice is already near 75% capacity and R&S rack rentals are near ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-security/418 Thank you to everyone who participated…? It was my first time running a little contest on the blog, and I’m sorry to say it didn’t quite work as I expected!? The comments were not supposed to be seen until a day later, but I think I forgot to share that ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-rs/417 Answers for Part II So the answers to the exciting tasks at hand…. There was a good amount of activity surrounding answers submitted for the contest!? It was good to see that many people interested in them! Now, it’s time to go through the answers and stretch the imagination a bit! Be ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/security/410/binary-math-part-ii-answers I know, I know… I promised this a while back, after I did the first part. Sorry ’bout that! So we’ve played around a bit with the access-list idea and some binary matching. So let’s expand our brains even further! I will start out by telling everyone that I am NOT picking ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/security/409/binary-math-part-ii As we well know, one of the best features of Cisco IOS is the parser¡¯s context sensitive help and tab-completion when typing in configuration or verification commands. One of the lesser known features related to this, however, is the ability to view all officially supported commands available in the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/406 Many of my Boot Camp students ask me about exactly how they are going to be using the DOC-CD during the lab exam.? Specifically, they say “I have heard that I need to be a master at the DOC-CD in order to pass, but what exactly does that mean?” I thought ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-rs/405 Cisco has announced some slight changes to all CCIE Written exams. Effective February 17th, 2009, candidates will also see two other changes in CCIE written exams. First, candidates will now be required to answer each question before moving on to the next question; candidates will no longer be allowed to skip ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/401 Cisco has given us the exact date of the 2.x to 3.x CCIE Security Lab update: Refreshed CCIE Security Lab Exam Available April 20, 2009 An updated version of the popular CCIE Security Lab Exam will be made available April 20, 2009. As previously announced, Cisco has refreshed the exam with the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-security/400 Here are some facts regarding this portion of the exam: You must complete this portion of the exam before you start the traditional configuration portion. You have a total of 30 minutes to complete this section, you may finish early if you like and immediately begin your configuration section. You will receive 4 ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-rs/399 Here are two announcements from Cisco regarding the addition of an "open-ended question" portion to the R/S Lab Exam. The first is the recent announcement, while the second is from August of 2008 when they were testing the process in Beta in China. Cisco has indicated on their forums that ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-rs/398/ccie-rs-lab-exam-to-feature-new-question-type This document is an attempt to rework the old paper I wrote back in 2006. You can still find the old document here Original Scary Draft. Both documents attempt to present a structured approach for taking the CCIE lab exam. The following is a quick list of the generic core ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/392/how-i-learned-to-stop-worrying-and-love-the-lab-part-i And we’re back for an exciting conclusion to the CCIE Troubleshooting series. Just what fate is in store for our heroes? Well, if we’re anything like the Friday the 13th movies, you may need to wait about 20+ years to find out! You’re probably asking ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-rs/389 Thanks for tuning in again! We’re back for more of the excitement known as Troubleshooting! Today we’re going to look at little more at some of the more nefarious (my word for the day) things that may come your way. How simple little commands can certainly change ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-rs/388 There are two types of troubleshooting that you’ll run into on the CCIE lab: 1. The “Proctor is Evil” Troubleshooting 2. The “Self-Induced” Troubleshooting The latter type is by far the more time-consuming but also the most important. Basically you messed something up, therefore you have to fix it! ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-rs/387 Thank you everybody for the tremendous response to our announcement vSeminar. For those of you that weren’t able to attend due to capacity or other issues, the recording for CCIE 2.0 - The Next Evolution can be found here. Much more detail will be posted over the coming days, but ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/383 Hi, Everyone! We are in the progress of upgrading our CCIE Security racks with the new software and hardware. Here are the specs that you can use to build your own rack. The rack consists of six routers, two switches, two ASA firewall appliances and one IPS sensor. The hardware models ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-security/374/ies-security-v30-hardware-list Question: What is the recommended way to use the product? Answer: We recommend at the very least doing a four-question simulation each day during your studies. The simulation should quickly pinpoint your weak areas that require additional reading/study. Question: How many total questions are there? Answer: We are adding questions every day initially, ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-rs/373 Exam Details Exam Number: 640-822 Exam Name: ICND1 Number of Questions: 40 Total Time: 90 Minutes Passing Score: 804 Exam Sections: Describe the operation of data networks Implement a small switched network Implement an IP addressing scheme and IP services for a small network Implement a small routed network Explain and select the appropriate administrative tasks required for a WLAN Identify security ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/367/ccent-exam-review-640-822-icnd1 I. Module 1: The Operation of Data Networks A. Cisco Network Devices B. The OSI Model C. The TCP/IP Model D. Voice Over IP and Video Over IP E. Network Diagrams F. Network Paths G. Common Network Problems H. LAN versus WAN Features II. Module 2: Implementing a Small Switched Network A. Physical Media B. Ethernet C. Network Segmentation D. Basic ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/366 I saw a CCENT student ask a pretty common question on a Cisco forum the other day…they wanted to know tips for making all the theory really “stick” when studying. A great tip in this regard is to practice as much as possible as you study. Get your hands on your ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccent/354 CCENT candidates are always starving for IP subnetting practice questions to ensure their skills are ready for the CCENT exam! This practice quiz is sure to help. Grab your pencil and scratch paper and have fun! Click the link below to begin the quiz: CCENT IP Subnetting Practice Quiz 1 http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccent/353 In this post, we will examine the steps required to ensure full reachability over a Serial interface between two Cisco routers. Here is the network diagram that presents the topology used in this scenario: When we are in a lab environment, we can simulate a wide area connection (WAN) between two ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccent/352 Wireless certainly exploded onto the networking scene, unlike other technologies that took years to catch on. However, with wireless came huge challenges for securing the wireless network. After all, having potentially sensitive network data traveling through the air as radio waves immediately presented massive concerns. As a Cisco Certified Entry-level Networking ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccent/351 One of the things you have to really watch out for in life (and the CCENT exam) is ensuring that you are not sending CDP information to devices that you do not trust. The last thing you want to do is advertise to potential hackers of your network exactly what ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccent/348 Yes, there are simulations in the CCENT exam. In fact, there are lots of new interesting question types in addition to multiple-choice that you will face in the CCENT exam. The first thing you want to do is get a general familiarity with these unique question types long before you ever ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccent/347 One of the many skills that you must demonstrate as a CCENT candidate is your ability to configure basic password security on a Cisco router or switch. This blog post walks you through the configurations you must have mastered in order to succeed in this area of the exam. While I ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccent/346 I. Security Fundamentals a. Why Needed? i. A closed network allows no connection to a public network; although security is still an issue due to a majority of attacks coming from inside networks today ii. Open networks - these are very common and feature multiple connections to public networks - now two major ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccent/345 There are some fundamental processes in network security that you should be aware of as you begin your journey to a Cisco Certified Technician. Some of these processes are obvious, while others are not so obvious. This blog post intends to make each one very simple to understand. The fundamental processes ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccent/344 In an attempt to enhance the wireless security environment, especially in light of problems with Wireless Encryption Protection, SSID Cloaking and MAC Address Filtering were quickly implemented. The Service Set Identifier (SSID) Cloaking feature is a very simple configuration change to the Access Points. Typically, a checkbox in the administration software ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccent/342 Here is a portion of some notes that I came across for IPS - instead of wasting away on my hard drive, I figured I would post in case some of you might enjoy. I will post more sections if I receive no hate mail I. IPS Overview a. Detection ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccent/341 Hello faithful entry-level Cisco students! We are thrilled to announce the following updates to the CCENT course: Practice Exam 2 is now posted - you will find this even more challenging than Practice Exam 1 - enjoy! The Common Wireless Issues lesson was updated with a training simulation on updating your Linksys ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccent/339 The following Hands on Labs were added to CCENT: Inspecting the Network Card Configuration Viewing the ARP Cache of the Local PC Configuring and Verifying LAN Connectivity Configuring Basic RIP Version 2 Enjoy these new additions to the course! http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccent/338 In the first part of this blog series, we made it clear that you will face simulation questions in the CCENT exam, and we provided a link so you could practice with the interface before your big day. In this blog post, I wanted to cover some frequently asked questions ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccent/337 We are adding practices for common commands you need to know to the CCENT course. We uploaded an updated Verifying the WAN Connection lesson tonight. Want to experience a sample practice right now? Use the link below. Happy studies! Verifying the WAN Connection http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccent/336 Yet another Practice Exam will be added this weekend to the CCENT course for our students to enjoy. Make sure you are ready for the actual exam by challenging yourself with the latest, and toughest exam simulation! http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccent/335 How do you use our new CCENT materials in order to ace your exam? Here is my recommended study approach¡­ Step 1: Read the CCENT ¨C General articles at our blog site, blog.internetworkexpert.com. These articles include important information about the exam you are going to face. Step 2: Enjoy the Class On ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccent/334 A key to the mastery of a CCENT-level of networking knowledge is to intimately understand the use of Layer 2 and Layer 3 addressing when two hosts communicate on the network. This blog post will detail how these addresses are used during the network communications between two host devices (Personal Computers, ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccent/333 Attention Professional and Expert Level Engineers! Are you tired of interviewing entry-level staff with no real world knowledge or troubleshooting skills¡­ the so-called ¡°paper CCNA¡±? Instead of letting your associate engineers rely on brain dumps and memorization to pass their exams, help them build a solid foundation for the advancement ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccent/331 In this post I will try to summarize the things known so far about the CCDE written/practical exams and provide some (hopefully) useful tips and hint. Even though I didn`t receive my exam results yet, I think it`s still a good idea. At least, I`m still the person who "tried" ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/323/ccde-certification Prior to the support of prefix-lists in the IOS advanced filtering for BGP needed to be done using extended ACLs.? The syntax for using extended ACLs is shown below: access-list <ACL #> permit ip <network> <wildcard mask of network> <subnet mask> <wildcard mask of subnet mask> The source portion of the extended ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/bgp/319 Hi Brian, Can you explain the easiest way to construct a regular expression in BGP? Thanks, Rowan Hi Rowan, Regular expressions are strings of special characters that can be used to search and find character patterns. Within the scope of BGP in Cisco IOS regular expressions can be used in show commands and AS-Path ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/bgp/318 Guys, I ran into a task in a lab to configure an ACL to allow BGP and the book has it configured like this: Permit tcp host 150.1.5.5 eq bgp host 150.1.4.4 Permit tcp host 150.1.5.5 host 150.1.4.4 eq bgp Is there a reason why it is configured like that instead of ¡®Permit ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/bgp/317 First off let’s talk a little bit about what BGP ORF (Outbound Route Filtering) is designed to do for us, and then we’ll take a look at some implementation examples. From a customer’s point of view there are typically a limited amount of choices for what routes you can receive from ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/bgp/316/understanding-bgp-outbound-route-filtering-bgp-orf The BGP section for Internetwork Expert’s CCIE R&S Lab Workbook Volume 1 Version 5 is underway. The preliminary topics covered are as followed, but will be expanded before the final revision is released. Expect updates to be posted on this section bi-weekly until completion. Establishing iBGP Peerings Establishing EBGP Peerings BGP Update Source ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/bgp/314/iewb-rs-volume-1-version-5-bgp-sample Sometimes people need to conditionally advertise routes into BGP table based on time of day. Say, we may want to adversite IGP prefix 150.1.1.0/24 with community 1:100 during daytime and with community 1:200 at the other time. Back in days, the procedure was easy - you had to create time ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/bgp/313 For inbound updates the order of preference is: 1. route-map 2. filter-list 3. prefix-list, distribute-list For outbound updates the order of preference is: 1. prefix-list, distribute-list 2. filter-list 3. route-map http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/bgp/312 NBAR protocol classification feature has long supported enhanced HTTP URL matching features. However, Cisco documentation site never provided a detailed description of the pattern language used for URL matching; neither has it explained how the engine matches client/server data streams. In this post we will give an overview of how ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/security/311/using-nbar-for-http-url-filtering NBAR can be used to apply application based filters such as blocking youtube.com traffic. To accomplish this we can categorize traffic based on the HTTP hostname. Next we will create a policy-map that matches the youtube.com class and drops the traffic. Lastly the policy is applied outbound ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccvp/qos/310/using-nbar-for-application-filtering First off we need to understand that traceroute is a technique to have the routers between the source and destination reveal themselves and finally have the destination reveal itself. Traceroute can be implemented using ICMP, UDP, and even TCP so as a CCIE when someone asks you to filter ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/security/309/understanding-traceroute Private VLAN concepts are quite simple, but Cisco’s implemenation and configuration steps are a bit confusing - with all the “mappings” and “associations” stuff. Here comes a short overview of how private VLANs work. To begin with, let’s look at the concept of VLAN as a broadcast domain. What Private VLANs ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-rs/308/understanding-private-vlans Cisco IOS has a special feature called local policy routing, which permits to apply a route-map to local (router-generated) traffic. The first way we can use this feature is to re-circulate local traffic (and force it re-enter the router). Here’s an example. By default, locally-generated packets are not inspected by ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/security/307/tricks-with-local-policy-routing The security appliance supports two kinds of priority queuing - standard priority queuing and hierarchical priority queuing. Let’s configure each in this third part of our blog. Standard Priority Queuing This queuing approach allows you to place your priority traffic in a priority queue, while all other traffic is placed in a ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-security/306/qos-on-the-pixasa-%c2%a8c-part-3priority-queuing How do you apply most of your QoS mechanisms on a Cisco router? You use the Modular Quality of Service Command Line Interface (MQC). The approach is similar on the PIX/ASA, but the tool does feature some important differences. Also, Cisco has renamed the tool to the Modular Policy Framework. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/ccie-security/305/qos-on-the-pixasa-%c2%a8c-part-2the-modular-policy-framework Due to the non-decreasing interest to the post about Private VLANs, I decided to make another one, more detailed - including a diagram and verification techniques. To begin with, let’s recall that VLAN is essentially a broadcast domain. Private VLANs (PVANs) allow splitting the domain into multiple isolated broadcast “subdomains”, introducing ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/security/304/private-vlans-revisited Fragmented IPv4 traffic may cause you a lot of problems in real life. Not only it increases the load on router CPUs, but also impacts applications performance (e.g. TCP needs to re-send the whole packet on a single fragment loss). In addition to that, traffic fragmentation is used in numerous ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/security/303/dealing-with-fragmented-traffic setting aliases: alias configure a alias exec a s sh run a c conf t a w write mem a u undeb all a i sh ip int brief a r sh ip route To have control on events on the router to be not annoyed during configuration: logging console line con 0 logging synchronous line aux 0 logging synchronous to have history about old ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/302/helpfull-tips-for-configuring-on-the-console If you want to excape for example a traceroute you have to use the excape key. For cisco devices it’s normally crtl-shift-6-X. This is not so easy. It’s easier to change the excape key for example to ctrl-c. Add the line: line vty 0 4 escape-character 3 to your vty configuration. http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/301/changing-the-escape-key Use telnet to debug certain policies and look if traffic is matching. There is the /source-interface option for that. To controll which source interface telnet is using, you can set it up with /source-interface. It’s also possbile to generate certain traffic with the rtr command: R1(config)#rtr 2 R1(config-rtr)#type ? dhcp ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/300/traffic-generators-for-testing-purposes It’s quite easy that you can load a configurations into your router. You can for example load the config over TFTP oder you can just copy the config with copy and paste from another terminal. It’s neccessary that you go into “conf t” mode. So if you then just put your configuration ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/295/loading-configurations-with-copy-and-paste-and-over-tftp PPP authentication is a bit tricky. Well, maybe just for me to understand. I had to follow the path on configured examples that have to be set on both sides. I show this in the following example and explain how both ends have to be configured. R1 is configured like this: Hostname: ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/security/284/how-does-ppp-chap-authentication-work-rfc-1994 FTP supports two tranfer mode. With the first active mode, the client initiates the connection to the server on port 21 and the server then binds his on port 20 and opens? a connection to a port above? 1023 to the client. While using passive FTP both connections are established from ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/security/283/ftp-passive-and-active-mode In this configuration i use a 2950 Catalyst switch and i’m setting up a Radius server for testing purposes. Just to find out how it works together. A quick google search showed, that i should work together. I’m using a SuSE 10.0 distribution. I know certainly there are probably many ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/security/282/freeradius-for-authenticating-over-eapol Doing currently a failover installation with two 5510 on both sides so there will be four devices altogether. Seems like there was some kind of not planning things good enough. The customer situation is, there we have two leased lines that are direct connections from one site to the other.Both leased ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/security/279/asa-5510-activeactive There are several ways for authenticate a switchport. This could be neccessary, if you want to make sure, the client is the client you want on the lan. Normaly you would say your environment is worth for trusting, but maybe you should be more suspicous on your neighbours. Don’t trust ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/security/278/8021x-authentication-using-cisco-switches QoS means, to give certain types of traffic in a network priority above other types of traffic or to garanty certain functionallity. And this could be done on many different kind of architectures. But dependend on the type of traffic QoS can only be used, when certain demands are satisfied. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccvp/qos/277 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |Version| IHL |Type of Service| ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccvp/qos/276 The range for RTP/VOIP traffic packet could take is: permit udp any any range 16384 32767 Also tcp port 1720 is used for voice control connetions similiar like port 21 with ftp Der Beitrag wurde am Mittwoch, den 27. September 2006 um 10:06 Uhr veröffentlicht und wurde unter QoS abgelegt. du kannst die Kommentare zu diesen ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccvp/qos/275 I have implemented a QoS design for a customer with about 5000 nodes per campus. The design is relatively straigt through. Once you have decided with classes you want to implement, you have to configure the different devices. There has been an access, distribution and core layer. It’s the best ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccvp/qos/274 There are many different kind of QoS techniques around at Cisco. All of them are like a tollbox for managing traffic. Each technique has it’s preferred operational area. So here are some scenarios in which you would use a certain technique. Classification You want to provide a prefered service to a type ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccvp/qos/273/qos-and-what-to-manage-with-what LLQ means priority a queue, to forward voice and video traffic before all other traffic. If you have multiple LLQ queues, the difference between the single and multiple queue configuration is, that if you have at least two priority queues, both get policed. So if configured in a single police-map command, ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccvp/qos/272 ------------------------------------------------------------------ | Service | DSCP | DSCP | Application | | Class name | name | ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccvp/qos/270 Custom Queuing has 16 queues available. All queues are serviced in a round-robin fashion. Bandwidth is specified in terms of byte count and queue length http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccvp/qos/268/cq-custom-queuing Setup: Some things to keep clear before you can configure your pix. You should add yourself to the PDM (Pix device manager) access. This can be done for example with: http 192.168.200.0 255.255.255.0 inside If your coming from subnet 192.168.200.0 on the inside interface to connect to your PDM. If every thing is setup ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/pix-asa-firewall/266/how-to-configure-a-windows-xp-to-pix-501-connection-over-pptp Also important to know are the LSA Types OSPF speaks to other routers The type indicates and tells something about the area type. The following exist: Type 1 is an info about routers and directly connected links Type 2 info about LAN and routers connected Type 3 Networks reachable outside the area Type 4 reachability ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/264/ospf-lsa-types When you start with OSPF, everything seems to be simple. But later on you learn about many differnent types of OSPF areas. Stub area - has no connection to external networks, it does not contain any external routes, relieys mostly on default routes, does not have AS-external routes (Type 5 LSAs) Totaly ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ccnp-study/263/ospf-areas If you want to summarize areas in the routing table of router behind an ABR you could use the following command in OSPF Router configuration mode. area 1 range 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 With this command, als subnets belonging to 192.168.1.0 are not showing up in the routing table of routers behind the ABR. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/262/ospf-summarize-areas In the routing table you can see descriptions about the entries. Here are some more explanations. O - OSPF IO - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1 N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1 E2 - OSPF external type 2 http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/261/ospf-route-types A very helpful command to reset the current ospf process is: clear ip ospf process This restarts the process and let OSPF re-establish adjacencies. What i found out, ist that the router-id does not change, when you have set up another ip address for a loopback. But then resetting the OSPF process with the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/260/ospf-process-clearing What’s the difference? router ospf 1 network 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 area 0 vs. router ospf 1 network 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 area 0 Both add all existing interfaces into area 0 and all later added interfaces also. Both statements are valid. For the default route it seems the same: ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 f1/1 vs. ip route 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 f1/1 both work, sending traffic ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/258/ospf-network-definition-for-adding-all-interfaces-default-route-2 Just for rememberance, but might be important to know the type of authentication in the lab. OSPF know three different kind of authentications. Well to be honest, there are more, but only the first three are defined: Type Authentication ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/257/ospf-authentication-types-2 I have see this on some LAB examples. It looks like this: interface serial0 ip add 172.16.10.1 255.255.255.0 router ospf 1 And then there are two possible solutions for the wildcard mask within the network definition. 1. network 172.16.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 and i have also seen this: 2. network 172.16.10.1 0.0.0.0 area 0 So both area definitions ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/256/ospf-area-defintion-with-interfaces Each area has to be connected to area 0. If this is not the case, there is the possibility to set up an virtual link. Then you could transit one area with “virtual-link”. This is done on router with ID 1.1.1.1 under “router ospf” like that: area 1 virtual-link 3.3.3.3 And on router ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/255/ospf-and-virtual-link If you don’t want to show up all interface from one area, you can summarize them with the “area area-id range ip-address mask [advertise | not-advertise] [cost cost]” command. For example to summarize the subnet 10.10.0.0 for area 3: area 3 range 10.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 So area 3 would just show up as one ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/254/ospf-and-area-range Backbone Area: 1,2,3,4,5 Non-Backbone Area, non-stub: 1,2,3,5, Stub: 1,2,3,4 Totally stubby: 1,2 (except also for type-3 default route) Not-so-stubby: 1,2,3,4,7 stub: area number stub, 1,2,3,4 totally stubby: area number stub no-summary,1,2 def 3 no-so-stubby: area number nssa,1,2,3,4,7 not-so-totally-stubby: area 1 nssa no-summary ,1,2,def 3, 7 Source: TCP/IP Vol1, page 484 http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/253/lsa-types-in-different-areas For startup OSPF needs a process ID. This could be confusing. This is not at all an autonomous system number or anything else. It’s just the ID of the OSPF process running in the memory of the router. router ospf [process id] for example: router ospf 1 Cisco allows more than one ospf process ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/252/basic-ospf-details Unicast - individual packets are send to every requesting address, so the number of clients is fixed to the bandwidth the streaming applications needs Broadcast - traffic is send to one broadcast address and then forwarded to the entire broadcast domain, you can ping for example a broadcast address and ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/251/traffic-types sending ip packets to a group of hosts in the network, RFC 2236 Internet Group Management Protocol v2 delivery of IP datagramms to multiple hosts using a single destination address dynamic membership to groups, clients can dynamicly join groups supports all size of groups single group address for registred applications, that means multiple applications ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/250/multicast-rfc-112-then-rfc-2236 IP Multicast is defined in RFC 1112/2236(IGMPv2). Ip Multicast can send traffic to a single address and does not care about the receiving hosts. Only one destination address is needed and all hosts listening to the stream or host that have registred can receive the datastream. It does support dynamic meberships ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/249/multicast-networks IGMP - is used to track the multicast group members between hosts and routers on a lan CGMP - Cisco Group Management Protokoll, for routers connected to catalyst switches PIM - Protocol independet Multicast is for routers to know which multicast packets to forward and which not DVMRP - Multicast used on the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/247/important-terms-to-know-about-multicast enable ip multicast routing with “ip multicast-routing” enable PIM on an interface configure a rendezvous point Here for example you use sparse-mode # ip multicast-routing # int e0/0 # ip pim sparse-mode # ip igmp join-group 224.0.33.0 http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/246/how-to-setup-multicast-on-a-cisco-router Dense Mode You should use Dense Mode for dense population of hosts and plentiful bandwidth DVMRP Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol Used frequently on the MBONE Uses reverse path flooding Periodic floodings to offer groups to new hosts Unicast path based on hop counts Cisco routers use PIM to unteract with DVMRP routers, but do not directly ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/245/dense-mode-sparse-mode There are three different PIM (Protocol Independent Multicast) modes. dense mode - havving multiple clients, which are tightly spaced together, it’s implicit for all devices in the PIM domain that they are joined to the multicast domain, if they don’t want to receive the multicast stream, they have to send a ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/243/a-definition-of-different-pim-modes We have a customer who ordered the ACE module for the 6500. The installation will be with two 6500 and an 720 sup each. Currently the ace is only as a modul available. Cisco is trying to release a appliance next year in February. It’s a follow-up of the csm ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/241/loadbalancing-with-the-ace-module-for-the-65007600-2 Most difficult thing is to implement the device into the customer network. This needs a lot of planning and discussions about the design and how it should be implemented. The logic is, that you will mostly try to implement the ACE in between. From one VLAN into the other. The ACE ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/240/ace-design-implementation-gnu-2 Below is a list of the features that are supported on the 3560 (c3560-advipservicesk9-mz.12.2-25.SEC.bin) but not on the 3550 (c3550-ipservicesk9-mz.12.2-25.SEC.bin). CEFv6/dCEFv6 - Cisco Express Forwarding Flex Links IEEE 802.1X Port-Based Authentication IEEE 802.3af Power over Ethernet IGMP Throttling IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6) IPv6 Data Link: VLANs using Cisco Inter-Switch Link (ISL) IPv6 Data Link: VLANs using IEEE 802.1Q Encapsulation IPv6 ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/234/ccie-lab-change-3550-to-3560 CCIE Routing and Switching Lab checklist This checklist is an adapted version of JongSoo Kim’s popular checklist for the CCIE Routing and Switching Lab exam revised for 2006. Exam Topics: Frame Relay Catalyst 3550 OSPF RIP EIGRP Golden Moment BGP IPv6 Multicast IOS/IP service QoS Security ________________________________________ 1. Spend a few minutes to understand the point of distribution between core requirement (L2, IGP, and BGP) and ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/226/ccie-lab-checklist Added CBAC from the last time i checked it. Bridging and Switching Frame relay Catalyst configuration: VLANs, VTP, STP, trunk, management, features, advanced configuration, Layer 3 IP IGP Routing OSPF EIGRP RIPv2 IPv6: Addressing, RIPng, OSPFv3 GRE ODR Filtering, redistribution, summarization and other advanced features BGP IBGP EBGP Filtering, redistribution, summarization, synchronization, attributes and other advanced features IP and IOS Features IP addressing DHCP HSRP IP services IOS user interfaces System management NAT NTP SNMP RMON Accounting IP ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/225/ccie-lab-blueprint-rs It’s probably these day’s you should not touch any electronic system. Just does not having it that often, but it happens, when i did not think about it or when i expect it the least. It tried to enter an ipv6 access list: Rack1R3(config)#ipv6 prefix-list PRE_IPV6 ? deny ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/224/3640-crashing-and-booting-in-a-loop I tried the Cisco Assessor lab from Labgear, Technology Networks, and found it very interesting. The userinterface is not really good and makes things quite difficult, but if you want to get an idea on how it could be in teh lab, this is a good starting point. I did both ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/217/cisco-assessor-lab These are interessting news for ccie lab takers. You might save time and travel costs, by beeing able to chose a lab more close to your location. There are several new so called “Mobile CCIE Lab” locations. Some of them are already open, some are still to be opened. Currently ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/216/cisco-announces-mobile-ccie-labs The relevant prefixes from BB2 are: 2001:205: 2001:200: 2001:222: The first hexadezimal fields are the same. So you can at least use a mask of /16. But let’s look for a more specific one and for bits to add. The secound field also exists of 16 bits. So the full numbers would be: 1234 Fields —- 0205 0200 0222 In binary format ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ipv6/213/ipv6-subnetmask-calculation A device can have multiple adressess Unspecified/llpback/compatible-IPv4 address, ::0/96 Mapped IPv4 addresses, ::ffff:0.0.0.0/96 Reserved for NSAP Allocation (RFC 18888), 200::/7 Reserved for IPS Allocation, 400::/7 Link Local Address, fe80::/10 Site Local Address, fec0::/10 Global Unicast Address, 2000::/3 similar to IPv$ address space. Local IPv& Unicast addresses (proposed), fc00::/7 Multicast, ff00::/8 And can send one of these Packet Types Unicast Multicast Anycast Header is 128 bits ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ipv6/212/ipv6-generals Well, you all know about calculation network masks and wildcard masks in the IPv4 world. But how to do it in IPv6? IPv6 has a binary numbering system, but IPv6 is hexadecimal based and now we have 340282366920938463463374607431768211456 IP addresses. So that’s the number you will find on the internet. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/ipv6/211/ipv4ipv6-subnetmask-calculation I had this problem, that every second packet of a traceroute from a cisco router to another was lost. I could reproduce this easyly. It doesn’t matter, how many other router’s had been in between. So i thought this might be an IOS bug. But i found out it isn’t. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/209/traceroute-and-icmp-rate-limit-unreachable It’s defined in RFC 1305. It’s an UDP based protocol, with is taken for time syncrounisation with NTP servers. An NTP server can be any source speaking the time protocol. Normaly this server has a atomic or radio clock attached. NTP uses a stratum to describe how many NTP hops ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/208/ntp-time-service There are three possible relationships that ntp can establish. client-server peer-peer sending broadcasts With “ntp server” only the client can get the time from the server. With “ntp peer” there is a peering relationship established and both can get the time from each other, regarding to the lower stratum. As for example, i have router A, ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/207/what%e2%80%99s-the-difference-between-%e2%80%9cntp-server%e2%80%9d-and-%e2%80%9cntp-peer%e2%80%9d When devices should be synced, it’s time to configure ntp with sources, servers and clients/peers. Every cisco router can act as the ntp master. ntp master 1 is just everything you need to configure the router as an ntp source. The router will use 127.127.7.1 address as the local source for ntp updates. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/206/ntp-security-as-in-rfc-9581305 Server 192.10.1.254 with authentication Rack1R1#s | inc ntp ntp authentication-key 1 md5 02252D682829 7 ntp authenticate ntp trusted-key 1 ntp server 192.10.1.254 key 1 Rack1R1#sh ntp ass de 192.10.1.254 configured, authenticated, our_master, sane, valid, stratum 4 ref ID 127.127.7.1, time AF7D0BB5.1F58ABC8 (11:29:57.122 UTC Mon Apr 19 1993) our mode client, peer mode server, our poll intvl 64, peer poll ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/205/ntp-authentication Network Address Translation NAT has developed because of short address spaces on the internet. There is no reason why LAN’s should have globally reachable IP addresses. So private address space is used in local LAN. And at the boarder router, addresses are translated into globally valid ip addresse. There can ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/204/nat-pat-overload-rfc-1631 I had to look at prefix-lists again a bit more in detail and how matching is done. There are several key words that need to be understood for mathing the right addresses. At first the most simple match is the: ip prefix-list PRE_20 permit 20.0.0.0/24 which does just match for the first 24 bit ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccsp/security/203/ip-prefix-list-2 Every time a come across these commands i wonder what is the difference. Now i have looked it up … “ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 x.x.x.x” and “ip default-network x.x.x.x” are the same. They are used when “ip routing” is enabled. If not use “ip default-gateway x.x.x.x”. If you add the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/202/ip-default-network-vs-ip-default-gateway-2 HSRP = HOT Standby Router Protocol This protocol provides redundancy in case a router is not more available, by emulating a virtual router. This virtual router can consist of many other routers depending on how many are setup for redundancy. At least there have to be two routers configured for redundancy. MHSRP ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/201/hsrp-hot-standby-router-protocol The 3550 Catalyst switch does not have IOS recovery functions other than xmodem, when the IOS is lost due to corruption or maybe user error. You have to copy it with xmodem back to the switch. I would suggest, taking a smaller image first, because this take quite a long ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/198/3550-ios-recovery I you don’t want your neighbor to recive your routing updates from your ABR (Area Border Router) you can issue a passive mode on your router. I will look like this for example RIP: router rip network 192.168.1.0 passive-interface e0 if Ethernet0 is the interface to your neighbor. Der Beitrag wurde am Freitag, den 19. Mai 2006 ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/197 Here’s the order of operations for the inside-to-outside list: If IPSec, then check input access list Decryption¡ªfor Cisco Encryption Technology (CET) or IPSec Check input access list Check input rate limits Input ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/196 logical interfaces are for example the loopback interface and the null interface. The null interface is always there. if you want to drop a route you can send all packets the delta quadrant with. ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 null0 if you want to have an interface that is always up, maybe for your ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/195 to forward a certain destination address over another next hop use the following: access-list 101 permit ip any host 192.168.1.2 route-map layer3 permit 10 match ip address 101 set ip next-hop 192.168.1.3 and in global config mode you need: ip local policy? route-map NAME This forwards a packet to next hop 1.3 if someone tries to reach 1.2 http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/igp-routing/193/simple-layer-3-next-hop-forwarding Routing protocols summarize networks into supernetworks to keep routing tables small. Rip does this by default and you can’t turn it off. EIGRP does this also by default. But you can turn it of with “no auto-summary” And last but not least IGRP does this also by default. http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/igp-routing/192/route-summarization router ospf 1 redistribute eigrp [eigrp process id] metric [value] [subnets] for example redistribute eigrp 1 metric 1 subnets The subnets variable is responsible for redistributing subnetted networks. Without this variable, only networks that are not subnetted are redistributed. http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/igp-routing/191/redistribution-eigrp-ospf With redistribution it is necessary to take care of metrics from different routing protocols. RIP uses Hop count EIGRP uses a composition of bandwidth and delay OSPF uses bandwidth BGP consists of an arbitrary unit number It is important to know how to adjust the metrics for redistributed routing protocols. Because they are not compatible ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/igp-routing/190/redistribution-and-metrics These are private IP address range as described in RFC 1918. They are not routed on the internet and they are for private or internal use only. 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255             or 10.0.0.0/8 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255         or 172.16.0.0/12 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255    or 192.168.0.0/16 Source: ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc1918.txt http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/igp-routing/189/private-ip-address-ranges-rfc1918 This is an simple example of redistributing ospf to rip and vica versa. A Borderrouter having two interfaces. One Interface in the OSPF area 0 and one interface in the RIP area. interface Ethernet0 ip address 192.168.3.2 255.255.255.0 ! interface Serial1 ip address 192.168.4.1 255.255.255.0 ! router ospf 1 log-adjacency-changes redistribute rip network 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 default-metric 64000 ! router rip redistribute ospf 1 network ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/188/ospf Routing protocols need to determin the best way to reach a certain address. So in the case there is more than one possibility, the routing algorithm looks up a metric value. The differnent routing protocols have different metrics. They can also combine differnet metric in a so calles hybrid metric. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/igp-routing/187/metric-a-definition Class A: 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255 Class B: 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255 Class C: 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255 Class D: 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 Class E: 240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255 http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/igp-routing/186/ip-address-classes With the distribute-list command you can control what kind of updates go into other routing tables. What is injected into the routing table and what does stay just there waiting. Here is a short example. If you don’t want network 192.168.5.0/24 to be distributed into rip, then add the access-list and ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/igp-routing/185/distribute-list The following Routing Protocols do automatic route summarisation by default: EIGRP IGRP RIP v1 http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/igp-routing/184/automatic-route-summarisation Floating routes are somtetime static routes with another administrativ distance. These routes disapear, when dynamic routes are no longer valid. This could be a technique to prove certain rechability for networks. Floating means, that they are there but you can’t see them until they get valid. If there is for example ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/igp-routing/183/what-are-floating-routes Redistribution is the technique to distribute one routing protocol into another. If you have two routing protocols, you can mutually distribute them into another to garanty reachability. There are many possible scenarios for redistributiong one protocol into another one. You could simple remember that there should be given a metric for the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/igp-routing/182/simple-redistribution This can happen, when the tunnel learns the destination of the tunnel through the tunnel itself. You can save yourself by adding a static route or filter the route with a distribute-list for example. *Mar 4 23:58:18.091: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Tunnel0, changed state to up *Mar 4 23:58:18.163: %PIM-5-NBRCHG: ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/igp-routing/181/recursive-routing-problem What’s the difference? router ospf 1 network 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 area 0 vs. router ospf 1 network 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 area 0 Both add all existing interfaces into area 0 and all later added interfaces also. Both statements are valid. For the default route it seems the same: ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 f1/1 vs. ip route 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 f1/1 both work, sending traffic ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/igp-routing/180/ospf-network-definition-for-adding-all-interfaces-default-route Just for rememberance, but might be important to know the type of authentication in the lab. OSPF know three different kind of authentications. Well to be honest, there are more, but only the first three are defined: Type Authentication ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/igp-routing/179/ospf-authentication-types I had to look at prefix-lists again a bit more in detail and how matching is done. There are several key words that need to be understood for mathing the right addresses. At first the most simple match is the: ip prefix-list PRE_20 permit 20.0.0.0/24 which does just match for the first 24 bit ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/igp-routing/178/ip-prefix-list Every time a come across these commands i wonder what is the difference. Now i have looked it up … “ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 x.x.x.x” and “ip default-network x.x.x.x” are the same. They are used when “ip routing” is enabled. If not use “ip default-gateway x.x.x.x”. If you add the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/igp-routing/177/ip-default-network-vs-ip-default-gateway EIGRP is calculating metrics out of a summary of variables. Here is the formular for EIGRP metric calculation: (K1*bandwidth+K2*bandwidth/256-load + K3*delay) only if K4 and K5 are not zero the following operand is is also multiplied: [k5/(reliability + k4)] With the default setting on cisco routers the values K1=1 K2=0 K3=1 K4=0 K5=0. so ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/igp-routing/176/eigrp-metrics-calculation A quite new feature for eigrp is the possibility of a leak-map. It’s simmiliar to the unsupress-map in BGP. As there is different behavior for the route-map statement if missconfigured, there is a way to send the summary and also all routes included in the summary. ip summary-address eigrp 1 10.0.0.0 ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/igp-routing/175/eigrp-and-leak-map The defaults for K1 to K5 you can see with "sh ip prot" Three Rack1R1#sh ip prot Routing Protocol is "eigrp 100" Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set Default networks flagged in outgoing updates Default networks accepted from incoming updates EIGRP metric weight K1=1, ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/igp-routing/174/calculation-eigrp-delay-for-load-balancing An routing update will not go out the same interface it came through. So it will no go out to others. This Problem is solved with subinterfaces with frame-relay. The update will go in on for example s0.1 and can go out s0.2. It will leave on a different subinterface. Subinterfaces are ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/172/split-horizon-with-frame-relay-with-subinterfaces # encapsulation frame-relay config-if # ip add config-if # frame inverse-arp OR frame map ip DLCI frame lmi-type cisco keepalive One Frame-Relay Switch, i use a 2523 for switching. Configured with the following: frame-relay switching int s0 encap frame no ip add frame-relay route 17 int s1 18 int s1 no ip add encap frame frame-relay route 18 int s0 17 router1 with dlci 17 int s0 encap frame ip ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/171/simple-frame-relay-config Frame Relay LMI - Local Management Interface LMI Types: Cisco (default) ANSI - (Annex D) Q933a - ITU-T standard (Annex A) The LMI type is autodetected based on the messages recived from the frame-relay switch. In differnence to the dlci type, the LMI type can only be configured on an interface level. http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/170/lmi DTE - Data Termial Equipment DCE - Data Circuit Terminal DTE and DCE Devices are connected with an CSU/DSU DTE Devices are Cisco Routers. DCE Devices build the Frame Relay Switch Cloud, they are the Frame-Relay Switches http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/169/frame-relay-devices 1. which interface? - might be good to start with subinteraces from the beginning - point-to-point or multipoint? - Cisco recommends point-to-point with subinterfaces to allow scalability 2. which encapsulation? - # encapsulation frame-relay - add Layer 3 information: for example ip oder ipx address 3. protocol specific parameters 4. frame-relay characteristics http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/168/frame-relay-configuration - EIA / TIA-232 and EIA / TIA-449 Pinout for EIA / TIA 232 Pins: 2 TS Transmit Data DTE-to-DCE 3 RD Recive Data DCE-to-DTE 4 RTS Request to send ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/167/cable-types-for-frame-relay CIR - Committed Information Rate a specified amount of guaranteed bandwidth (measured in bits per second) on a Frame Relay service Local Access Rate clock speed of theconnection CPE or last mile loop to the service providers frame switch, rate of speed that packets travel VC Virtual Circuit bi-directional path between network devices PVC/SVW - ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/166/abbreviations-and-definitions-to-know-about-frame-relay It is possible to map an ip dynamically or static on an serial interface. With inverse arp the dynamic address resolution is done by the router, trying to find out it’s mapping to the remote device and to make an entry in the local adress table. In this adress ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/165/static-and-dynamic-mappings-in-frame-relay The comment’s on this i found have not been very clearly. I figured out that it might be no really difference between these two configurations. There is a hard limit in the number of subinterfaces at about 300. But generally it seems to be a better choice to use point-to-point subinterfaces. On a ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/164/point-to-point-vs-multipoint-in-frame-relay If a packet is sent over a link, the packet delayed due to serialization. Bigger packets need more time to get over the link, than smaller packets. If a 1500 bytes packet is in the transit, a small 150 bytes packet has to wait. Here LFI can be used to solve ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccvp/qos/163 What does inverse arp in frame-relay? With inverse-arp something is similiar done like with inverse arp in the IP world. The router is trying to map a Layer 2 adresse to a Layer 3 adress. With show frame-relay map you can list those mappings. With inverse arp these are dynamic mappings. It’s also ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/162/inverse-arp-in-frame-relay The Broadcast keyword means, to allow the specified DLCI to forward broadcast and multicast packets. This is usefull for OSPF. http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/161/frame-relay-map-ip-dlci-broadcast The formula N(N-1)/2 calculates the number of connections needed for a full mesh. 5 routers for example need 10 pvc’s for the full mesh. 5*4/2=10. It’s easier to make a table and write down the connections first before configuering frame-relay. For example here are the serial interfaces with the dlci. S1    S2    ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/160/frame-relay-full-mesh There can be differnet kinds of frame-relay connections. You can lookup the status with “show frame-relay map” to see what kind of conenction you have. dynamic mapping - if frame-relay uses inverse arp to dynamically map the dlci with the ip address, it’s a dynamic mapping static mapping - if you use ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/158/different-kinds-of-frame-relay-connections-dynamic-static-broadcast To debug frame-relay there are several possibilities. The first useful command is: sh frame-relay pvc With this command you could list all currently configured pvc’s. This may look like: DLCI = 314, DLCI USAGE = LOCAL, PVC STATUS = ACTIVE, INTERFACE = Serial1/1 input pkts 1 ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/157/debugging-frame-relay These are technices used for congestion control within frame-relay. A Bit marking 0 or 1 in the BECN oder FECN field, telling there is congestion. Frame-relay is a layer 2 protocol and does no error checking. Another layer 3 protocol has to do this. But Frame-relay can send congestion notifications on ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/156/a-simple-explanation-fecn-becn Sitting here and still staring from time to time at the Cisco Certification Status Page. Cause i’m still in the process of realization. After the lab the proctor told us, that the result would be there at 9 PM in the evening. Was still waiting the same evening until 11 o’clock, ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/144/this-is-the-story-in-short-ccie-rs-done Here is a picture of a DB60 Crossover Cable (CAB-DB60/DB60).? There are many different lenghts out there. Normaly it’s 3ft, but i have it also seen with 1ft length. So if you want to cable your lab, 1ft (about 30cm) might be enough. Der Beitrag wurde am Montag, den 17. Juli 2006 ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/ccna-basic-ccna-basic-ccna-2-ccna/134 If you want to route between vlan’s you should configure a trunk port for vlan’s to reach each other. If the switch has a routerprocessor, this would not be necessary. But as, for example a 2950 does not have this, you have to configure a trunk. On the switch you ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/133/a-simple-trunk-link-an-a-switch-with-two-vlan%e2%80%99s This does mean, there is an Duplex Mismatch. Try to configure the port with a static duplex setting. Turn of autosensing. In my experience autosensing very often leads to problems with links. I had this on Gigabyte Ports. The port could not resolve this on his own, i had to ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccna/132/%cdp-4-duplex_mismatch This should work, but is i labbed it out, it does not as promised. Let`s say if you have a vtp domain CISCO and one switch, that is configured in transparent mode, does belong to another domain, does not forward, these vtp messages. If you have this one switch in ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/131/vtp-version-2-and-vtp-messages-regardless-domain-name Spanning-Tree is an algorithm to keep a switched network loopfree. This means if you have multiple redundant switching paths in a network, without spanning-tree i will happen, that there will be switching loops in the network, which could take the whole network down. So spanning-tree is a layer2 protocol, which ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/130/stp-spanning-tree-ieee-8021d The main new feature introduced with 3560 catalyst switches is the private vlan feature. It’s not that complicated as it seems to be. Basically it a “switchport protected” bound to vlan’s over trunk ports. It’s also similar like an RSPAN session, which is SPAN over differens switches. So if you configure two ports ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/129/private-vlans-3560 We have a customer who ordered the ACE module for the 6500. The installation will be with two 6500 and an 720 sup each. Currently the ace is only as a modul available. Cisco is trying to release a appliance next year in February. It’s a follow-up of the csm ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/128/loadbalancing-with-the-ace-module-for-the-65007600 Etherchannel is for fault tollerance and you can use it to increase the bandwidth. You can bound up to to eight interface to an eitherchannel. All interfaces must be the same speed and all have to be configured as layer 2 or layer 3 interfaces. If one interface fails, the ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/126/etherchannel-for-an-3550-catalyst-and-maybe-others Unicast, packets to every requesting address, traffic may be carried multiple times, the primary concern is the number of network connections versus the available bandwidth. Each session requires the the full bandwidth required by the application. Broadcast, one copy of a packet is send out to a broadcast address. Broadcast are ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/125/different-types-of-traffic-flow Sometime i may be neccessary to block a Multicast address on a vlan. This could be acomplished by blocking the hardware address of this vlan. It’s possible to staticly map certain ports for a mac address. So that only these ports are recievers of the address. So first it’s neccessary to convert ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/cisco-training-ccie/124/convert-from-a-multicast-address-to-a-hw-address If you setup a switch it might be a good idea to set all ports by default to portfast. But take care, this could also lead to a lot of trouble if you don’t know what you’re doing. To set all ports by default to portfast use: spanning-tree portfast default This stops ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/123/configuring-portfast-stp-dhcp-client-problem Most difficult thing is to implement the device into the customer network. This needs a lot of planning and discussions about the design and how it should be implemented. The logic is, that you will mostly try to implement the ACE in between. From one VLAN into the other. The ACE ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/122/ace-design-implementation-gnu A community in the BGP world is for sending attributes to neighbors that are members of the community. All community members will be send the attribute provided for the community. Source: http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/459/bgp-community.html Der Beitrag wurde am Montag, den 18. September 2006 um 14:24 Uhr veröffentlicht und wurde unter BGP abgelegt. du kannst die Kommentare zu diesen ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/bgp/121 What is a route reflector? What is a cluster-id or originator-id and why should i need id? If you start google for cluster-id it will not bring up many explanations about what is a clusters in bgp. However it’s quite simple. Because you can have multiple route reflectors inside one AS ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/bgp/119 Here are some ways to control the way of BGP routing and sending updates to neighbors or controling updates from neighbors. With “distribute-list” it’s possbile to controll routes coming in on an interface or routes going out on an interface. You can for example say: I don’t want to send route “192.168.1.0/24” ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/bgp/118 RFC? 1930, 1771-1774 open - AS, HT (holdtime), Router ID, opt keepalive - make sure links a established, checks if holdtime expires update - inculdes, ip prefixes, route maintanace notification - error code, subcode Der Beitrag wurde am Dienstag, den 05. September 2006 um 06:53 Uhr veröffentlicht und wurde unter BGP abgelegt. du kannst die Kommentare zu ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/bgp/117 BGP decision process 1. Weight check, highest 2. Local preference check, highest 3. Local route check. 4. AS path length check, shortest 5. Origin check, lowest, 0, 1, 2 6. MED check, lowest 7. prefer EBGP over IBGP Patch 8. Prefer the path to the closest IBGP neighbor 9. prefer the oldest route for EBGP paths 10. prefer the lowest ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/bgp/116 Attributes are one of the most important things concerning BGP. With attributes almost everything can be controlled. There are diefferent types of attributes: Welll-known-attributes mandatory Origin AS_Path Next_Hop discretionary Local_Preference Atomic_Aggregate Operational-attributes transitiv Aggregator Community non-transitiv Multi_Exit_Descriminator Propriatary-attributes Weight (Cisco specific) Description of Attributes: Origin Type Code 1 Well known, mandatory Identifies the route was originally learned from by BGP 0 - by an IGP 1 - by an EGP 2- not complete /unrelaiable AS_Path Type Code ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/bgp/115 This routing Protokol is an exterior routing protocol. It’s not neede on local area networks. It’s neede converge the internet. It’s completly different from the internel routing protocols like OSPF, EIGRP, RIP or IS-IS. Here is a basic overview: It’s used to route between AS (autonomous systems) It’s an enhanced vector routing protocol uses ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/ccnp/bgp/114 You want to setup your CCIE lab with Simulators and don’t want to spend a lot of money into expensive hardware on ebay? You just need an Cisco 7200′er Image and can simulate the machine. Interconecting machines is also possible. Check out: http://www.ipflow.utc.fr/index.php/Cisco_7200_Simulator With the frontend: http://dyna-gen.sourceforge.net/ Here is a nice explanation of ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/104/ccie-lab-simulator-7200 In this example there are Route Reflectors Route Reflecor Clients Non Clients to Route Reflectors In a normal enviroment all iBGP neighbors must be fully meshed. There are two exeptions to this rule. Route-Reflection Confederation iBGP neigbors do not advertise routes learned from another iBGP neighbor to prevent loops. Therefore it is needed, that all iBGP neighbors ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/internetworking/101/bgp-route-reflector RFC1013 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc1013.html The X-Window protocol provides a remote windowing ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/78 The Web Cache Coordination Protocol (WCCP) has 2 main functions. The first is to allow a ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/77 RFC854 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc854.html RFC855 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc855.html ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/76 draft http://info.internet.isi.edu:80/in-drafts/files/draft-grant-tacacs-02.txt RFC1492 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc1492.html ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/75 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1928.txt This protocol provides a framework for client-server ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/74 RFC1157 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc1157.html SNMP Protocol Overview: http://service.baltnet.ru/info/CIE/Topics/108.htm ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/73 RFC821 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc821.html IETF RFC821 defines the Simple Mail Transfer ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/72 SMPP Developer’s Forum, SMPP Protocol Specification v3.4, 10/12/1999 ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/71 RFC 2165 ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/70 RFC2960 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc2960.html The Stream Control Transmission Protocol ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/69 Remote LOGIN (RLOGIN) allows UNIX users of one machine to connect to other UNIX systems across ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/67 RFC2138 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc2138.html RFC2139 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc2139.html ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/66 RFC1939 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc1939.html The Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/65 RFC1059 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc1059.html RFC1119 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc1119.html ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/64 10262_hsc104 06. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/63 Internet Drafts: draft-draft-taylor-ipdc-00.txt, draft-calhoun-diameter-07.txt ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/60 ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2779.txt ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/58 RFC2660 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc2660.html Secure HTTP (S-HTTP) provides secure communication ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/57 RFC783 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc783.html RFC1350 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc1350.html ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/54 RFC 2748  ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/52 RFC 1777. ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/50 RFC1002 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc1002.html NetBIOS/IP is a standard protocol to support ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/49 RFC: 2129 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc2129.html ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/48 ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2407.txt. ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2408.txt ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/46 Protocol Standard: IEEE Std 1278.1-1995 www.ieee.org/portad/index.asp ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/44 ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc3588.txt ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/43 http://search.ietf.org/ ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/42 RFC1613 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc1613.html ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/41 RFC1144 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc1144.html Van Jacobson is a compressed TCP protocol ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/40 http://search.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-benedyk-sigtran-tali-00.txt ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/39 Draft-ietg-sigtran-reliable-udp-00.txt (1999) The Reliable UDP protocol is a simple packet ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/38 http://www.packetcable.com/specifications/specifications10.html PKT-SP-ISTP-I02-011221 ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/36 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc3219.txt The function of TRIP (Telephony Routing over ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/35 RFC2332 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc2332.html draft http://info.internet.isi.edu:80/in-drafts/files/draft-ietf-rolc-nhrp-15.txt ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/33 http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2334.html SCSP is designed to serve distributed server ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/32 RFC1735 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc1735.html The NBMA Address Resolution Protocol (NARP) ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/31 The Interior Gateway Routing Protocol ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/30 RFC2281 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc2281.html ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/29 EIGRP Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is an enhanced version of IGRP. IGRP is Cisco's ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/27 RFC904 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc904.html The Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) exists ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/26 RFC1654: http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc1654.html This RFC has been replaced by RFC ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/25 ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2246.txt ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/24 RFC1826 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc1826.html ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/23 RFC1826 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc1826.html ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/22 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2338.txt  (VRRP) specifies an election protocol that ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/21 draft http://info.internet.isi.edu:80/in-drafts/files/draft-ietf-rsvp-spec-16.txt draft http://info.internet.isi.edu:80/in-drafts/files/draft-ietf-rsvp-md5-06.txt ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/20 RFC2080 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc2080.html RIPng for IPv6 is a routing protocol for ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/19 RFC2362 ftp://ftp.isi.edu./in-notes/rfc2362.txt Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/17 RFC2022 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc2022.html ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/16 RFC1885 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc1885.html This RFC has been replaced by RFC ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/14 RFC792 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc792.html RFC950 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc950.html ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/13 RFC 1075: http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc1075.html ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/12 RFC1531http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc1531.html This RFC has been replaced by RFC ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/11 IETF draft ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/10 IETF draft http://info.internet.isi.edu:80/in-drafts/files/draft-ietf-pppext-l2tp-11.txt RFC ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/9 RFC 2341 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc2341.html ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/8 RFC 2107 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc2107.html ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/7 http://info.internet.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc/files/rfc2114.txt . ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/6 RFC826 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc826.html RFC1293 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc1293.html ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/5 RFC768 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc768.html ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/4 RFC793 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc793.html ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/3 RFC1883 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc1883.html ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/2 RFC 791 http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc791.html ... http://www.ccnainfo.net/protocols-description/1